EAS p-Nitroacetanilide Essay

Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet. Pina col was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for  pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.

eBay

1) EBay pursue international growth through acquisitions and partnership in related and unrelated business. eBay goal was to expand its international presence in an effort to create an on line global marketplace. In many of this international website, eBay had to adapt and provide local language and currency options to gain popularity. The best approach that eBay had was by forming partnership with local companies. This strategy helps them to understand local cultures and ensure that the company was meeting local need. eBay has had tremendous success in Latin America and Europe. But in Asia has been a failure, in Japan they had to pull out of the market due to the poor market share that they were able to get. In china they still struggling to gain market share so they decided to due joint venture to learn a little bit more about the local needs. 2) eBay biggest competitive advantage was said by the founder of the company â€Å" we have specialize in e-commerce, payments and voice communication. Google stands for search, Yahoo largely stands for content† this clearly defines the completive advantage of specializing at what they do the best. In order to support this eBay has done a lot of acquisition, this offered distinct services and target specific market niches, which allowed eBay to broaden its customer base. When it comes eBay in Asia , the company run into a lot of trouble due to an inability to build a community effect in the country that focuses in customer service. But this was difficult for Ebay because changes at global level had to be approving in United States. This made it more difficult for rapid changes in the local market. eBay 1) EBay pursue international growth through acquisitions and partnership in related and unrelated business. eBay goal was to expand its international presence in an effort to create an on line global marketplace. In many of this international website, eBay had to adapt and provide local language and currency options to gain popularity. The best approach that eBay had was by forming partnership with local companies. This strategy helps them to understand local cultures and ensure that the company was meeting local need. eBay has had tremendous success in Latin America and Europe. But in Asia has been a failure, in Japan they had to pull out of the market due to the poor market share that they were able to get. In china they still struggling to gain market share so they decided to due joint venture to learn a little bit more about the local needs. 2) eBay biggest competitive advantage was said by the founder of the company â€Å" we have specialize in e-commerce, payments and voice communication. Google stands for search, Yahoo largely stands for content† this clearly defines the completive advantage of specializing at what they do the best. In order to support this eBay has done a lot of acquisition, this offered distinct services and target specific market niches, which allowed eBay to broaden its customer base. When it comes eBay in Asia , the company run into a lot of trouble due to an inability to build a community effect in the country that focuses in customer service. But this was difficult for Ebay because changes at global level had to be approving in United States. This made it more difficult for rapid changes in the local market.

Monologue of Inspector Calls Essay

That morning I was scared and devastated to go back to that shop Milwards that day. Although father forced me he still doesn’t believe what he’s done while I was going to the shop people kept on talking quietly but I knew they were talking behind my back as it was just obvious. I was shocked as father didn’t want the matter to go out in public due to his reputation and his honour. I was ashamed to be walking in the street that morning but I had learnt my lesson which other people didn’t know. I was in the shop and suddenly I had a flashback I can just remember. The previous summer was quite strange as I was very suspicious that day as I felt Gerald’s s absence. During this time I felt he must been having a affair, I couldn’t suspect anything else due to the fact of his absence. I can remember that very night when the inspector came home, inspector Goole he seemed a bit curious at first and said we had killed this girl called Eva smith I didn’t really recognize that girl or heard her name before. I was astonished to know father had something to do with this. Inspector Goole then came up to me enquiringly as he thought I was involved. I looked at the photograph I just noticed I knew this girl,. I felt horrible knowing that this girl Eva smith got fired from her job because of me. I didn’t realise it at that time, just because I thought of that silly dress. I didn’t know what to think of myself any more knowing what I’ve done to this poor girl who did nothing to me. Just because I was jealous of her. This is what happened I was shopping at Milwards and when I saw her I told the manager that until the shop assistant (Eva smith) was gone I would never set foot in that shop again. I amazed to see that my parents and Gerald didn’t really take any notice to see what we had done. I don’t about the relationship between Gerald and myself as I don’t think I can have I relationship with someone who can’t tell the truth. I know he’s a nice man and I was excited about my engagement but Gerald didn’t realise what he had done he didn’t seem to value our relationship as well. Moreover mother and father didn’t learn anything they were just happy to know everything was over and none of this would be spoken again. I was just happy when the inspector said ‘ we are members for each other and we are responsible for each other’ that night when everything was over I remembered what the inspector had said and wanted to change everything. What had happened was then the past and now is the future.

Business costs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business costs - Assignment Example For example, a firm always prefer to produce any unit of output who’s per unit marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost of the unit. By doing so, the firm would gain more revenue by selling that unit. On the other hand, if the marginal cost of a unit of output is more than its marginal revenue; in that case, the firm avoids producing that unit. If the firm produces such unit, it would incur loss rather than profit on the unit. 2- What do you understand by the term economies of scale? Reductions in per unit cost resulting from increase in market size and increase in firm are called as economies of scale. Any unit cost reduction that occurs when a firm increase its production base or aggregately, the market in which that firm is producing its units, increase. Over that period of time; globally as well as locally, the firms and the markets are increasing. This increase in both is mostly contributed by the latest means of technology, which are mostly used nowadays in the process of production. For example, previously much work was carried out manually as a result, a sufficient amount of resources were consumed. Thanks to machinsation and computerisation that have sufficiently added in the process of economies of scale. ... enue- totally equalling with the total costs- or in total units of production, the cost of produced units offsets the revenue obtained by the sale of units. Some reasons may justify a company keep producing units even it is making loss. First, the loss, occurred by the break-even point or near to that point, most of time doesn’t last for a considerable period of time. The company may be experiencing a seasonal variation in the demand of a particular unit. As soon as that period of seasonal variation in demand ends, the company again observes profits- revenue exceeding costs. 4- What market power may large firms enjoy? How and why may a government seek to limit this? Market power is associated with the behaviour of a firm and the way firms affect competitive conditions and prices in a market (Bourdet, 1991). The way a firm adopts its supply of goods and services production mechanism and its aggregate strategy towards its prices determines its market power. For example, if a fir m has 70 percent market shares in the sale of a particular commodity. Under this condition, it would not be incorrect to say that the firm has sufficient market power to affect and control the prices of that commodity. A government via legislation can restrict to limit the market power of the firm. By enacting a particular legislation and implementing it, the government would become in a position to limit the firm’s market power. The main reason for limiting the market power of the firm is to allow the competitive market conditions. The competitive market conditions benefit producers and the consumers as it would protect consumers who would pay higher costs if the firm limit the required level of commodities in market. 5- Consumer gain as much from small business as from large ones. Analyse

TET Offensive Literature comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TET Offensive Literature comparison - Essay Example This military operation was launched by the army of North Vietnam along with armed forces of Viet Cong against the South Vietnam forces and those of United States. The crusade against South Vietnam was unplanned and came as a bolt from the blue. This military attack was referred to as TET Offensive owing to a previous agreement during the celebrations of the TET Lunar New Year of a ceasefire that would continue for two days. There were a series of military attacks launched during the night hours of January 30, 1968 although the main and massive operations began in the morning of the next day. Although, there was an announcement previously about ceasefire, these surprise attack left the armed forces of South Vietnam and United States in a maze initially. However, the united forces of these countries managed to retaliate and regain control of the cities. Being one of the most memorable events in history, which took a bitter turn after the celebrations of the TET Lunar Year, it is no wonder that the author has described this military crusade as one of the most intriguing aspects of Vietnam War. Thus, the journal, referred to as ‘The Turning Point of the War’ explores the political angle of this incident to a great extent. Similarly, the next article ‘TET 1968; The Military Offensive’ discusses the economic aspects of TET Offensive that are reflected during the current times and scenario. Although, both articles are fulfilling in nature, the authors have not really reached deeper beneath in the real sense.

Nurses use of water-filled gloves in preventing heel pressure ulcer in Essay - 1

Nurses use of water-filled gloves in preventing heel pressure ulcer in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria - Essay Example By employing percentages in an appropriate manner to represent the correlations among the variables, the descriptive statistics used give clear meaning to the paper. In the study undertaken to assess the nurses’ use of water-filled gloves in preventing heel ulcer in the university college hospital, Ibadan Nigeria, statistical analysis to assess the threats to the study’s validity were not undertaken which act as a crucial aspect in influencing the integrity of the research. Through application of inferential statistics like, â€Å"Nurses who have been in practice for 11 years and above preferred the use of WFGs as against those with less years of practice (1–10 years)† (Adejumo & Ingwu, 2010, p. 475). The research can generalize the study to enable it applies to all the nurses other than the study sample alone. Thus makes the recommendations of the research to applicable to other hospitals. The use of multivariate procedures in the analysis of the data like the chi-square as a means of testing correlations is significant for the assessment of the relevant P-values. This makes the research to have a definitive claim to the recommendations it makes, thus can be effectively used in influencing of policies. Provision of information concerning hypothesis testing gives the research more validity as was presented in the study, according to the study, â€Å"Hypotheses were tested using chi-square analysis at a significance level of 0.05, whereas the manual content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data† (Adejumo & Ingwu, 2010, p. 472). Testing of the hypothesis is equally crucial in ensuring that the research topic is in line with the actual problems on the ground. Risk indexes were not clearly reported in the study; nevertheless, reporting of risk indexes in a study is essential for the implementers of the research to know the magnitude of the population the research can be

In-Depth Audience Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-Depth Audience Analysis - Research Paper Example Alexandria is situated in the suburbs of the capital city of the country; it is in a very strategic place to receive the best concentration of goods band other quality services that will grow the economy in the community of Virginia. The stakeholders and the persons abiding in the society of Virginia are one of the highest profile ranked employees of the national government. Therefore the town will grow and have a high income due to the value of goods and other high income drawers in the society (Howell, 2011). Therefore the infrastructure in the area is excellent because it is very strategic from the Washington DC the capital of the United States of America. The state’s major favors are also targeted to the society such as the major governmental offices are situated in the area of Alexandria. The government offices are like the Trademark office that was transferred to Alexandria. This shows that Alexandria from the views of stakeholders and audience should be of appraisal to the federal government over the major favors to the community. Question Two – Analysis of the Community Stakeholders and Audience The demographics of Alexandria in the Northern Virginia represent it to be not a very populated society due to the standards of living of the inhabitants of the persons living in that community. The persons who abide in the society of Alexandria are highly ranked persons in the government of the USA and the most inhabitants are personnel from the defense department including the naval center for analysis. The geographical position of the Alexandria society is very strategic in such a manner that it can receive major governmental offices by the government of the United States of America. The short distance the society of Alexandria is from the capital city of the country gives it more advantage to get more favors from the federal government. This gives the society the high economic value according to the good business position of the society (Howell , 2011). Therefore the society of Alexandria is a very strategic state in terms of economy due to the nearness to the business center of the country of America. The lifestyles that are exhibited by the residents of Alexandria are much higher of admirable opportunities by the other persons in all other societies around the country (Smith, 2009). This is because the society is endowed with high rank restaurants and products that are of high caliber persons in the society. This will make the attitudes of the inhabitants of the Alexandria society and their lifestyle that is very high. This is facilitated by the nearness of the society to the capital of the country USA where the state gets a variety of favors from the federal government of the United States of America. On the social scene of the society of Alexandria that is in the Northern Virginia the persons who live in this area must have very improved social standards due to the improved social gathering areas that are endowed by th e society of Alexandria. It is a tourist attraction area and has very improved restaurants. The usergraphics of the Alexandria society are of major importance so as to define the regions of domain of the society that is to be occupied by the inhabitants of the society (Smith, 2009). The webographics are incorporated in the communication and the technological position of t

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia Essay

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia - Essay Example The most commonly discussed frames of references for analyzing the employee relations include the unitary and pluralist perspectives. These two concepts bear contrasting differences with respect to each other and help the management deal with situations and conflicts in an effective manner. This paper shall discuss the workplace relations in Australia with respect to the unitary and pluralist frames of reference. 2. Differences between Unitary and Pluralist Perspective The unitary perspective includes the concept of shared goals and unified vision among all the employees and employers. According to Agarwal (2008), the believers of this perspective are under the impression that success can be attained only if the members of the organization possess the same views and business objectives, in spite of their differing job descriptions and nature of tasks. Whereas according to Edwards (2003); some school of thoughts believe that unitary frame of reference bears minimal degree of practical ity for most situations since it holds the assumption that all employees are loyal to the organization and the management makes all decisions in accordance with the best interests of their employees. Such organizations do not promote the concept of trade unions, rather stress on the efforts involving team building and management. Trade unions are discouraged so that the probability of occurrence of conflicts is minimized. Budd and Bhave (2006) explained that any conflicts that may arise in the organization will be simply an outcome of poor management or misunderstanding, rather than conflict of interests. In the modern times, human resources management has taken over to monitor the employee relations of organizations. On the contrary, pluralist frame of reference caters the self-interests of employees that might cause competition and motivation of fulfillment of personal goals more than harmony and common interests. Individuals with common goals and interests may develop unions to s upport each other in the presence of conflicts. Edwards (2003) stated that whenever different sources of authority are present, the probability of greater conflicts is witnessed. Some of the conflicts of interests might arise due to the employees’ demand for higher salaries and employers’ demand for lower wages etc. The conflict of interests creates dissimilar visions and objectives and thus, ends up affecting the productivity and revenues of the organization. The management (of such frame of reference) is often witnessed to serve more time in coordination and motivating employees, rather than controlling and improvising. 3. Workplace Relations in Australia Australia is counted amongst the regions that had been under the affect of plurality frame of reference since the initial years of the twentieth century. This was the time when unions played a vital role in influencing the structure of the employee and industrial relations. Leigh (2005) provided an estimate to highl ight the degree of integration of unions in Australia at that time; at least 2 from 5 employees were known to be a part of some union in their organization. The gradual introduction of policies and systems by the government caused changes in the traditional structure of Australian employee relations; their intervention has resulted in the

Wages ,Unions ,and Labor Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wages ,Unions ,and Labor - Term Paper Example Moon (2011) cited that the weekly applications of unemployment insurance fell to a 3-1/2 year low. The unemployment rate was reduced to 8.6 percent last November from 9.0 percent in October this year (Dalgleish, 2011). Though this shows an improvement of 0.4 percent, the present unemployment rate is still high (Harrison & Berg, 2011; Felsenthal & da Costa, 2011). This improvement might be undone if the bill which cuts funds allocated for defense in the 2012 budget will be approved by the senate and the president. This bill will cost 800,000 jobs and this might rose up to 1.5 million jobs in the following decade due to legislation passed in August (Felsenthal & da Costa, 2011). High unemployment rate was one of the reasons why thousands of demonstrators marched on ports from Southern California to Alaska last December 12. This march included two of the largest labor unions in country: the longshoremen’s union and the Teamsters (Harrison & Berg, 2011). Part of the rally’s focus was for non-union members; independent workers who earn low wages such as truck drivers said Harrison and Berg (2011). High unemployment rate is one of the major problems of the economy of the United States at present times. ... The U.S. GDP and Unemployment Rate To analyze the current situation in an economic perspective, the country’s data on its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) must first be known together with its unemployment rate. It is important to take note of the economic output at the macro level According to Williamson (2008), â€Å"when the aggregate real GDP is high, the unemployment rate tends to be low since the two variables are countercyclical in nature (p. 594). Graphing these two sets of data will serve as a tool for analysis. Table 1. U.S. Gross Domestic Product 2011  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter3  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ GDP 0.4 1.3 2.0 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis Table 2. U.S. Unemployment Rate 2011  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Month Unemployment Rate January 9.0 February 8.9 March 8.8 April 9.0 May 9.1 June 9.2 July 9.1 August 9.1 September 9.1 October 9.0 November 8.6 Sou rce: Bureau of Labor Statistics Graph 1. U.S. GDP and Unemployment Rate 2011 Graph 1 show that the data is in accordance with what Williamson (2008) mentioned regarding GDP and unemployment rate. This further implies that despite the European debt crisis, the U.S. economy is still doing well at the moment, especially since an increase in GDP has been noted in the last quarter together with a significant decrease in unemployment. Production output has increased implying increased earnings. The number of people employed increased which means less spending for the government since the people who avail unemployment benefits decreased. If the bill which permitted the cut of funds in the budget for defense is approved, 800,000 workers will lose their job and the unemployment rate will increase once more. This will lead lesser production

Please read the cases and answer the questions by using the relevant Essay - 2

Please read the cases and answer the questions by using the relevant legal basis - Essay Example Further Article 4 prohibits any agreement between undertakings that will prevent, disrupt or restrict competition directly or indirectly in a given area of commodities. Reduction of prices will likely to make Ilovemoneyalot control the market and interfere with small shareholders in the market. Under Article 5 (b, c) allows Ilovemoneyalot to take such decisions provided they will not eliminate competition and that they are to benefit consumers of those products (Turkish Competition Authority 1). I would advise Arthur under the intellectual and Artist Works Law No.5846 of December 5, 1951 that protects the rights of the original author (Turkish Competition Authority 1). Selling Arthur’s song to the public is a violation of Art. 13. That protects the economic and moral interests of authors in their intellectual and artistic works. The court has mandated to determine the real author of music under clause (Addition: 7.6.1995 - 4110/6).Maria Wannebesinger has no right to alter the original work of Arthur without his consent. Arthur should sue Maria to demand compensation for exposing his work to the public behind his

Instructions on how to hypnotise a person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructions on how to hypnotise a person - Essay Example Hypnosis is a condition that is linked with the psychological behaviors where it affects the lives of the people on which it is acted upon in a manner that shows clearly the marked distinctions in their thinking mindsets and behavioral patterns. There seems to be an altered state of consciousness at certain times within this whole hypnotic activity but the same holds true for only a small fraction of people. The hypnotic indications as well as the subjective alterations within the human mind can be achieved with hypnosis. However there a number of controversies that goes in line with the art of hypnosis the world over. Without a shadow of a doubt, hypnosis is a form of hysteria and the people who experience hysteria can be hypnotizable. However this is just a solitary claim and with the recent research it has been proven time and again that nearly all human beings can be hypnotized. The manner in which a person can be hypnotized rests largely with the act of inducting a hypnotic state within him/her. We cannot just fathom a single basis on which we can rest our claim that the same is the proper way of inducing a hypnotic state however for this act to be effective, a number of practitioners have started to employ the calming verbal methodologies, usage of difficult triggers and lastly the inclusion of devices which are mechanical in nature. Hypnotherapy is the term which is used for the description of hypnosis within a therapeutic setting. A number of these hypnotherapists refer to this act as the practice related with â€Å"clinical work†.

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The Passion of the Christ Essay On February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ film was released. The film is based on Jesus’ arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the film is historically accurate, although there are some fictional events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the use of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. According to author B. A. Robinson, â€Å"Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish priests, and lacking in confidence. † After viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was essentially morally neutral in the events of Jesus’ execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the pressure of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172). According to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the people and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). â€Å"In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). † Several critics were troubled by the film’s explicitly detailed violence and further criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus’ execution, instead of his religious teachings. A number of the scenes which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to â€Å"flesh† out the movie and extend the film to a feature length include: the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no apparent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is tormented by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus’ flogging (Robinson). Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus; further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, â€Å"The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus’ final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. † Before the film was even released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private screening of a pre-release version of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is missing in the film is the canonical line from John’s gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the nation be saved; had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could have underscored the similarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped defuse the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson). Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich; The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more information about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a problem because it sets up another authority alongside the Bible. Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did remain broadly faithful to the Bible’s narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregations set up tables at the theaters to provide answers and prayers to viewers.

The Problems Of Indiscipline In Rivers

The Problems Of Indiscipline In Rivers Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate The Problems of Indiscipline in Secondary Schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. One hundred teachers constituted the study sample. Questionnaire was administered to teachers to obtain data for five research questions. The statistical tool used to analyse the raw data was percentage method. The results showed that lack of corporal punishment, irregular payment of teachers salaries, poor administration constitutes the major problems to indiscipline in schools. In this regard, it was suggested that corporal punishment should be introduced in schools; also, more and adequate incentives should be provided to the teachers. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Education in any perspective finds its usefulness in the areas of moral, intellectual, social and spiritual development of the child. This development to a great extent is a function of the quality of the educational system, which is partly measured on the basis of students discipline. Discipline constitutes one of the fundamental, critical and challenging functions of the teacher. Mostly, when viewed from the fact that students whom they manage their affairs are drawn from different home background, accommodates the influence of peer groups and thus, were bound to exhibit different patterns of behaviour that may not conform with the instructional standard of the school. Discipline is an aspect of school function which if not well maintained can render the school system ineffective. School discipline as a matter of fact is seen as a vital element in the process by which students are enabled to function in the society. The general idea underlying this fact is that if the school is situated in the society and it is hoped that the products of these schools will be absorbed into the society, the students must therefore be made to develop rule-following and law, adding habits so that they conform to the general social expectations of the main culture absorbing its basic attitudes and beliefs, Sieber and wilder (1997:70) point out that a society without rules is inconceivable, and rules without attitude of disapproval towards them are inconceivable. In the English Elementary School, obedience was enforced mildly without any military goal in mind and in that discipline was seen essentially as a process of obedient training for society at large. On the other hand, thinking of discipline in terms of training for society, Docking (1990:4) says it may encourage a schooling for subordination where teachers use their disciplinary authority to satisfy some unfulfilled need within themselves so that they are to view children as a means rather than as ends. The promotion or maintenance of effective discipline is essential if organised group action is to be effective or productive whether the group is a club, society, a union, a company, a business or industrial concern or a nation. The word discipline connotes that the members or a group should reasonably conform to the rules and regulations, which is the code of behaviour which have been formed for it or by it, so that every one may benefit by them. Peoples morale or industrial peace are definitely proper by maintenance of discipline if the members of a group do not abide by the rules of the organisation, it may collapse. Chaos, confusion, disobedience, disloyalty and antisocial or anti-organisational activities develop to the detriment of every one. In the word of Spriegel (1997:34) discipline is the force that prompts an individual or a group to observe the rules, regulations which are seemed to be necessary to the attainment of an objective. It is a factor, which restrains an indivi dual from doing certain things, which are deemed to be disruptive for the group objectives. It is also the exercise of restraint or the enforcement of penalties for the violation of group regulations. Thus, discipline can be said as an attitude of the mind, a product of culture and a particular environment which promotes an individual to willingly co-operate in the observance of the rules of the organizational to which he belongs. School discipline is often seen as an important ingredient in the process by which children are enabled to function in the society because living in the society entails living in association with certain agreed rules, which govern ones behaviour. Thus, keeping order in the school is a multi-faced problem associated with range of interacting factors, such as the child himself, home and neighbourhood influence, changing societal values and expectations, the school and its natural environment, and the individual teacher. The problem of indiscipline is more apparent among secondary school students all over the world. Indiscipline among them has attracted serious attention of scholars and administrators. These scholars and administrators attributes to their state of development. They opine that when students notice certain biological changes signalling maturity in the course of the growth and development, they tend to misbehave by faulting school rules and regulations Mukhargee (1995:17). Indiscipline is a mode of life not in conformity with rules and non-subjected to control. By extension, the term connotes the violation of school rules and regulations capable of obstructing the smooth and orderly, functioning of the school system Adeyemo (1995:22). School rules and regulations in most cases affect students more than any other thing because they are made by the school authorities in order to guide and protect the students while in school. Statement of the Problem In the teaching and learning process certain identifiable problems of indiscipline militate against its success and achievements. That means for effective teaching and learning to take place there must be discipline in order to make reasonable achievements. In spite of the effort so far made by the government for the past eight years to curb indiscipline in our secondary schools, delinquency, truancy, disobedience, absenteeism, etc. are some of the problems of teaching and learning in our secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. This study is therefore interested in addressing the problems of indiscipline so that teaching and learning will improve in our schools. Purpose of the Study The general purpose of this study includes the following: (a) Determine the factors underlying the problem of maintaining effective discipline in secondary schools. (b) Ascertain the effects of such factors on academic performance. (c) Make recommendation on the areas that would solve these problems. Research Questions The study shall be guided by the following research questions: What factors are responsible for school indiscipline? What are the effects of such factors on students academic performance? What are the strategies adopted by teachers to prevent classroom indiscipline? Does the rate of indiscipline among secondary school students increase or decrease for the past three years? Are girls more receptive to instruction than boys in secondary schools? Significance of the Study The importance of this study includes the following: (1) To provide information for government and school administrators about the solution to the problems of school indiscipline. (2) To provide relevant data about the causes of indiscipline from teachers perspective. (3) To make recommendations and suggestions that possibly could help solve the problem of indiscipline. Scope of the Study The study focus on school indiscipline from twenty-two (22) selected secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study, the following terminologies shall be defined thus: Student: A person who is studying in a school, especially a secondary school. Secondary School: This is a school for young people between the age of 11 and 16. Regulation: This is an official rule made by authority. Discipline: This is the practice of training people to obey rules and regulations. Indiscipline: This is lack of discipline, control in the behaviour of a group of people. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The chapter can be reviewed under the following headings. 2.1. Students discipline in Nigeria schools 2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schools 2.3. Causes of indiscipline 2.4 School indiscipline and academic achievement 2.5 School rules and regulations on student discipline 2.6 The concept of in loco-parentis and its relationship to students discipline 2.7 Student discipline and classroom management 2.8 Strategies of curbing indiscipline 2.9 Summary of the literature reviewed 2.1 Students Discipline in Nigeria Schools According to Matsoga (2003:54) violence and misbehaviour exist in Nigeria schools. This lack of discipline which interferes with the teaching and learning process, manifests itself in various ways including bullying, vandalism, alcohol and substance abuse, truancy, inability or unwillingness to do homework etc. Moswele (2004:146) and Matsoga (2003:53). Vandalizing school property is at rampart and this has influenced the government to introduce school fees in order to mend, that which was broken such as window, panes, furniture and walls. Theft is also common. For instance, in 2003 students in one senior secondary school broke into a biology laboratory to steal ethanol Banda (2004:16) some of these students lost their lives and others lost their sight. In another senior secondary school, 19-year-old boy committed suicide after fighting with another student over a borrowed plate Maleka (2003:162). These horrible acts left the nation speechless, not knowing where such behaviour originates. These incidents sprang the debate on the use of corporal punishment in schools which concluded that Nigeria cannot do away with it, but it has to be used guardedly Maleka (2003:162) and Keorang (2004:51). Experience had it that, teachers may ask for transfers; while parents withdraw their children from schools with numerous cases of student misconduct such as the one mentioned above. 2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schools Discipline in these schools is now passing through an eclipse. The problem of indiscipline is found everywhere, therefore, students do no longer believe in hard work as the only honourable path to success. Slangs connoting examination malpractice like choke exhibit, dagbo, omokirikiri and the like are common during examination time and they are expressed in such free but shameful that one somehow think that it does not mean anything. Children of the high and low, big and small, powerful and the downtrodden are involved in varying degrees. At this juncture, it would be worthwhile to highlight some of the prevalent cases and acts of indiscipline amongst secondary school students. 1. Cultism Cultism has suddenly become the giant monster that has swallowed up our ethics and morals; any student who fails to belong is quickly packed off the stage by either being intimidated out of school or killed. Many have been forced to join counter cultist group, which often produced fatal consequences. Section 329 (1) of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria defines cultism (secret cult) as an association that uses secret signs, oaths, rites or symbols and which is formed to promote a cause, the purpose or part of the purpose which is to foster the interest of its members and to aid one another under any circumstance without the regard to merit, fair or justice to the demerit of those who are not members. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦who members are sworn to observe oaths of secrecyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. Indecent Dressing Near naked and other forms of nudity is the order of the day in our schools. Kpakol (2004:62) argues that peer pressure, self-indulgence, and dress to kill-the deliberate habit of putting on seductive clothes to attract those of the opposite gender sexually or throw off balance emotionally. In this connection Bellow, (1993:3) states that school discipline is the training which produces in children self-restraint, orderliness, good conduct, operation and the habit of getting the best out of themselves. It involves intellectual and moral education as opposed to mere order and instruction. 3. Curriculum content Any society whose educational system is careless about the need of the society is doomed. It thus, not enough to have a curriculum. It is most important that the curriculum relates and adequately takes care of the entire societal aspiration. Our curriculum today is greatly deficient in moral education as contained in the curriculum is shabby and neglected. In some schools, it is not even taught. The subjects of History, Civic and Nature study and so on that immediately inculcates the ideal nation building to the youth are abolished social studies and integrated science that is fashioned in their stead has proved to be incapable in content and practice. 4. Parental Training Charity it is said begins from home. A parent who is not firm with his children and lets them go the bad is not kind to them. Parents do not often consider the future welfare and success of their children as of great importance. Firmness is not shown by constant scolding, beating and fussing, this is to many educators indicates weakness. In addition, some parents are always quarrelling and fighting. This definitely makes the students not to have affection and develop negative attitude to life. In school, that student may be and always picking quarrel with his peer because this is what he grew up with. 2.3 Causes of Indiscipline Indiscipline as we have noted elsewhere is not a new phenomenon. It has engaged the attention of many writers and authors at different levels. Causes of indiscipline in secondary schools are numerous. They include school society, wrong ideals, idleness, lack of good leadership, injustice, lack of realistic rules, bad home training and upbringing, etc. Okoroma (2000:1109) and Nwankwo (1991:67) note that the causes and symptoms of indiscipline are many and vary from school to school and from place to place. In their view, some symptoms of indiscipline include general unrest and deliberate breaches of school rules, peaceful and violent demonstration, mass disobedience, truancy, delinquency, absenteeism, drug use and abuse, as well as drunkenness. Shakaran (1997:47) and Nwankwo (1991:67) have identified the causes of indiscipline in secondary schools in Nigeria to include authoritarian methods, bad staff behaviour, harsh school rules, poor communication, results, lack of adequate school facilities, influence of home and society. In this paper, we however, proffer a multi-dimensional approach to this burning issue of indiscipline in our secondary schools; hence our consideration of the causes of indiscipline will be multi-dimensional. 1. Social Influence There has become a sudden shift from merit to lack lustre. Achievements are no longer measured by commitment and capability but influence and material wealth who you know than what you are measured up in terms of merit, is what determines promotion. Thus, a student need not burn the night candle. 2. Corruption This is the oldest son of indiscipline. This son has grown up that it often stands shoulder to shoulder with its father indiscipline. What permeates all the stretch of our society today is how to make it quickly. Public finance meant for welfare programmes that would have stemmed the aid of mal-behaviour in our youths and adolescents gets diverted to redundant programmes or private pockets. To such extent, there is no motivation in those who should be seen to be disciplined. With empty stomach, ragged dressing, hopeless accommodation, intolerable health, there is no way a person can resist temptation. 3. Rural-urban Drift Closely related to the issue of government policy and corruption is the issue of rural-urban drift. A writer once said that everyone is a village by root. The rate, at which our youths and adolescents migrate from the serene, quiet and less atrocious life in the village to the noisy, burdensome, busy and unnecessarily over populated cities, is alarming. One identified reason for this as outright lack of basic facilities and infrastructure in our villages. Where there is any, it is often in a state of despair so grossly inadequate that no youth would see his mate coming home from the city without being tempted to taste the city. This sudden transformation from the village to city life is bound to produce unpalatable consequences. This explains why secondary school students are engaged in crimes nowadays either to be able to sustain the tempo of life in the city or in preparation to get to the city. 2.4 School Indiscipline and Academic Achievement In classroom teaching, discipline implies the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. The concept of school discipline and school rewards has the similar objectives of assisting students to make maximum achievement in their academic pursuits. According to Nwankwo (1991:67) discipline behaviour involves characteristics such as self-sacrifice, diligence, co-operation, integrity, consideration and sympathy for others as well as the fear of God. He goes on to say that discipline is a system of guiding the individual to make reasonable and responsible decisions. In classroom teaching, discipline means the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. Discipline involves self-control; a disciplined person knows and takes the right course of action. He is guided not simply by self-interest, but also by consideration of interest of others. A disciplined individual is also guided in his behaviour by moral and social principles. Factors of indiscipline that lead to low academic achievement are common with student from socio-economic status families Alumode (2002:84). This is because teachers are often prejudiced against youth from low socio-economic status families and show preferential treatment to students from high socio-economic status families Manster (2001:297). Another reason is that peer influences on low socio-economic students are often antisocial and delinquency prone, emphasizing early marriage for the girls and gang activities for the boys Conger (1993:13). Blodsoe (2005:28) believes that the quality of interaction among members of the adolescents family influence the degree of discipline and success in school work. According to him, the studies of the family relationship of bright, high-achieving students versus under-achieving high school students shows that the high achievers more often than under-achievers describe their parents as typically sharing vacation and ideas as understanding, appro ving, trusting, affection etc. encouraging (but not pressuring) with respect to achievement and over restrictive or severe in discipline. 2.5 School Rules and Regulation on Discipline The Education Act of 1999 has documented some rules and regulations that govern student discipline in Nigeria schools. It stipulates methods and procedure for minor and severe disciplinary measures such as corporal punishment, suspension and student expulsion. Rules and regulations are drawn for the orderly conduct of the school affairs. Some of them are written and others are implied and they recognised by law. Addressing the issue of rules and regulations Nwangwu (2009:142) state that: The Schools Board and individual school authorities have the right to make any reasonable rules and regulations for the orderly conduct of school affairs in the interest of the entire school and school system. The fundamental point raised above is that those provisions are made by relevant authorized bodies to direct and spell out the relationship between teachers, student and school authorities. The responsibility is therefore on every member of the school system to respect and obey the rules, as any breach must be followed by the application of appropriate disciplinary measures. The courts of law shall always put into consideration the reasonableness and constitutional right of the school rules and regulations. Rules that encroached on a constitutional right of students will invariably be invalidated by courts. 2.6 The Concept of in Loco-Parentis and its Relationship to Students Discipline In educational circle, the special relationship which exists between students and the schoolteacher regarding discipline is termed in loco-parentis. It is assumed that the teacher in performing certain roles especially as it relate to control of parental jurisdiction. According to Remmlein and Wane in Igwe (1998:82) in loco-parentis means in place of the parent, charged with some of the parents right, duties and responsibilities. The implication is that schoolteachers or authorities stand in place of parents in respect to students education and discipline. By this it is expected that teacher have the invariably contracted with parents to perform some of the duties and functions of the latter. The teacher is therefore expected to act reasonably in this capacity. In present, the teachers acting in loco-parent is to discipline an erring student, and should ensure that the punishment was done reasonably and in good faith in order to avoid costly and embarrassing court cases. The teacher should act within the limit of this principle, because according to Eferakaya (1998:17), school officials who perpetuate acts of indiscipline can no longer be protected by the in loco parentis doctrines the courts are quite convinced that the school is incapable of assuming full parental responsibilities. 2.7 Students Indiscipline and Classroom Management The International Dictionary of Education formally defines discipline as a term to describe teacher classroom control or general restraint of pupils behaviour Lingworth (2004:18) argues that coercion can never be a method of educating in the sense that where teachers tend to interpret control of threats thereby forcing students to learn what he has taught them is far behind the truth. Another interesting aspect of discipline and administrative control is the use of scientific procedures known as behaviour modification based on the learning theory developed by Skinner who advocates some technique and positive reinforcement such as using rewards to bring about and maintain desired behaviour combined with extinction behaviour i.e. weakening undesired behaviour by ignoring it or by otherwise removing its reward consequences. However, the work of Lauwerys (1999:42) is discovered to be in contrast with the scientific procedures of behaviour modification and psychodrama work of Piaget. His work on classroom management focuses attention on the teachers public demonstration that he knows what is going on, his ability to facilitate smooth transaction from one activity to another and handle movement and type of demand he makes from pupil. There is bound to be conflict when administration in school is taken to be rigid and regimentation, where students have to fear administrations rather than respect them. Fagbula (2002:80) in his work concludes that teachers rather than settle their minor matters take them to the school administrators create a problem to administrative control of schools. Bad administrative control can hinder effective discipline tone in the school. These can take the form of giving bad and inadequate food to students, ineffective teaching, bad staff behaviour, authoritarian methods of administ ration, high school rules, arrogant attitude of the school prefects, unsatisfactory curricula, poor examination results, poor communication between administrators and school pupils. 2.8 Strategies for Curbing Indiscipline It is imperative to ensure that the best behaviours and conditions are inculcates, established and maintained for effective learning to take place in our secondary schools. This can be realised if we accept that the teacher has the power to impose discipline by using some sort of power over this students. However, this is only possible to a little extent, for it to have meaningful impact it must also take into account the psychological needs and development level of the student. A well-managed school begins with thorough advance planning by the school head and the teachers. Accordingly, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation should be used, positive and negative motivation, provision and satisfaction of students need the teacher having adequate knowledge of the subject, teaching students how to learn and making them to use their time effectively. The school environment should be busy, and an active place in which the students and teachers know that they are on the same side working together to achieve something worthwhile. Such an environment is likely to establish mutual respect, and a mild reproof or expression of disappointment on the part of the teacher will enhance discipline. Cleanliness and tidiness of surrounding, not being excessively noisy or disruptive when others are working, taking care of communal property, and punctuality exhibition of normal courtesies expected by the society to be observed. The rules can be established by quite persistence and good example by the teacher. In essence, good discipline enables the sort of psychological need proposed by Maslow and others to be satisfied. This is because most disciplinary cases are as a result of unfulfilled basic needs. The teacher should look carefully at each level including the most basic psychological one of nutrition and ventilation. 2.9 Summary of the Reviewed Literature The chapter examined the concept of indiscipline as it derived from the word discipline. Discipline here means a mode of life in accordance with rules, subjected to control. Therefore, indiscipline means lack of control in the behaviour of a group of people. Relating the above to the school environment, indiscipline could be referred to as inability of a person to live in accordance with school rules and regulation; it is the breaking of rules and regulations of institution. Imperative and causes of indiscipline were discussed from the multi-dimensional perspective, which include cultism, indecent dressing, curriculum content, parental training, societal influence, corruption and rural-urban drift. Again, school indiscipline and academic achievement, which implies the control of a class to achieve desired behaviour was discussed. The chapter also examined school rules and regulations on discipline, which are drawn up to regulate school activities for the orderly conduct of the school affairs. The concept of in loco-parentis and its relationship to student discipline, which is the special relationship that exist between students and the school teacher regarding discipline, because the teacher is expected to stand in place of the parent in respect to students education and discipline. Finally, strategies of curbing indiscipline which include pedagogical, social and psychological techniques of curbing indiscipline in secondary school were proffered. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research methodology to be adopted for the study. It is organised under the following heading: Research Design, Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Validity of the Instrument, Administration of the Instrument, and Data Analysis Technique. 3.1 Research Design The research design adopted for this study is the descriptive survey research design, which is concerned with condition or relationships that exist and practices that prevail. Specifically, it is concerned with identified the problems of indiscipline in secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. 3.2 Population of the Study The population of this study is 440 persons, who are teachers in the twenty-two (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. 3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques A stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. Out of twenty-two (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area, ten (10) were sampled out through the ballot system; this represents 46% of secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government. In each school, ten (10) teachers were randomly selected to give 100 teachers, which represent 52% of the total number of teachers in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. Thus, the sample for this study is made up of 100 respondents. 3.4 Development of Research Instrument The instrument for this study is questionnaire titled Questionnaire for Teachers on indiscipline problems (QTIP). It was developed for this study and addressed to various respondents with structured questions developed based on the objectives of the study and the literature reviewed. The instrument is divided into two (2) sections (A and B). Section A deals with the personal data of the respondents; section B sought responses to items on factors, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools. The questionnaire adopted the 4-point Likert summated rating scale with values: Strongly Agree (SA) = 4; Agree (A) = 3; Disagree (D) = 2; and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1. 3.5 Validity of the Instrument The instrument was given to the supervisor and senior lecturers in the department who are experts in educational management to examine and make corrections. They scrutinize item by item and decide its validity to elicit the necessary information needed to provide adequate answers to the research questions. The final draft of instrument was designed to reflect corrections of the experts in the department. Also the researcher ensured that the five interested research problem areas, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools to ensure that it is adequate enough to measure, what is supposed to measure and ensuring that the desirable result is achieved. 3.6 Administration of the Instrument The instrument for this study was administered personally by the researcher. The completed copies were retrieved on the spot while the others were retrieved later. 3.7 Data Analysis Technique The responses was based on the 4-point Likert summated rating scale will be analysed and presented in table by means of percentages. A decision on the research questions was made to arrive at by dividing frequency of occurrence by the total number of respondents and multiplied the product by 100, that is: Frequency of occurrence x 100 Number of respondents 1 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA In this chapter the data collected is presented and analysed as follows: Research question one: What factors are responsible for school indiscipline? Note: the following was used to analyze the work. Strongly Agree (SA) = 4 Agree (A) = 3 Disagree (D) = 2 Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1 Table 4.1 Factors of school indiscipline S/NO

Surveillance And Dataveillance in governments

Surveillance And Dataveillance in governments Introduction It has become very common practice for the Governments to keep and use public data for the betterment and quality of services provided. Different information systems are in custom which involve data about the people. For better use of public data, it is necessary to reliably associate the data with specific persons. An effective and efficient identification system should be established and maintained. Information technology has remarkably progressed in human identification system. It is very easy to identify and monitor a person with the help of modern IT tools. They key challenge for the supervising authorities is to develop identification and monitoring program which should be practicable and economic to address the issues. These programs should have high integrity to solve the problems faced by the governments regarding human identification and monitoring. The special concern in this regard is the threat to personal privacy that the human identification and monitoring programs presents. If these programmers are introduced energetically, the reaction of social fabric may be threatened. Surveillance and dataveillance What is surveillance? Surveillance involves keeping constant watch over individuals or a premise, the purpose of this activity can be to spy, supervise or to control. It assists in collecting information about the individuals movement, contacts and activities (Clarke 1988, p.499). The main form of surveillance is known as physical surveillance which is ultimately watching and listening. The current technologically advanced world assists greatly in surveillance, as it provides top monitoring devices such as infrared binoculars, field glasses, light amplifiers satellite cameras, and sound amplification devices like directional microphones to easily monitor from a greater distance and at any time of the day. There are also some well-known ways such as communications surveillance which involves taping the phone or bugging a premise, which allows you to listen and be aware of the individuals whereabouts and their associates and intended plans (Clarke 1988, p.499). Surveillance these days provide profound insight into ones life and by collecting data from other sources as well a complete history of past and present of that individual can be created. This gives the holder of this information such as the government or an agency great control over the individual (Clarke 1988, p.499). What is dataveillance? Surveillance involves the monitoring of an individual through watching and listening using modern technology. Dataveillance on the hand is monitoring by accessing and reading through personal and confidential data of an individual by using advanced information technology tools. This involves accessing their bank account details, credit card purchases, GPS on their cars and mobile, emails and internet browsing to get an insight into their personal lives. Dataveillance is the result of evolution of technology, as we become more and more dependent on technology it is creating an opportunity for others to invade our privacy and monitor our every move (Clarke 1988, p.499). Government agencies often use dataveillance to prevent terrorist attacks and other heinous crimes. There are two types of dataveillance that are common:ÂÂ   personal and mass dataveillance (Clarke 1988, p.499). Personal dataveillance its benefits and dangers Personal dataveillance is the monitoring of a targeted individual for a particular reason. This can involve monitoring by a government agency like the police or tax department to find evidence of crimes committed or where stolen money is hidden. This evidence can be then be used in court to prosecute the individual. This form of dataveillance is valuable to the authorities as it provides them with evidence and information that cannot be easily obtained through manual investigation and interrogation techniques. (Clarke 1988). Dataveillance is used heavily in chasing fugitives, prosecuting criminals and tracking terrorists. A current example is how dataveillance was used to eliminate Al Qaida leader Osama Bin Laden. While Osama Bin Laden was aware of dataveillance techniques and avoided all activities that wouldve led to him being tracked, his associates used technology and were able to be tracked. That is how one of his couriers was tracked when he made phone calls on behalf of the Al Qaida leader. This led to his demise and highlights the importance of dataveillance in tackling terrorism.ÂÂ   From identifying terrorist cells around the globe to using high tech drones to monitor Afghanistan for terrorist activities, it is a valuable ally to the government. It also helps local authorities hunt down cyber predators and bullies as well as identity fraud. This was the case in America when a high earning Wall Street employee was caught for insider trading. Dataveillance not only is used by authorities but also by businesses and individuals. Businesses can track employees activities such as internet usage and time checks to ensure employees are working efficiently. It can also be used in risk management to detect and prevent errors and fraud to better safeguard their business. Individuals can also use dataveillance to a degree such as using GPS on a car to see where a family member has travelled and what websites the kids are browsing. It offers families a form of security and control. Businesses and individuals will not all use the personal dataveillance in the right manner. Personal dataveillance is also a powerful weapon that can be used to gain power over another entity. Confidential secrets can be uncovered and be used to blackmail an individual. It can be used to stalk a particular person or locate someone to hurt physically. In the wrong hands it can becomes a great tool to continuously have access to the intended target and that thought alone is frightening (Clarke 1988). Since dataveillance is more in terms of monitoring data then the actual person, it provides room for wrong identification.ÂÂ   If wrong identification isnt detected then an innocent person may be prosecuted or much worse if there were bad intentions for monitoring that individual.ÂÂ   If there are errors in the personal dataveillance technique then it would lead to ill-informed decisions (Clarke 1988). Dataveillance can be used negatively by business in certain areas such as hiring employees. Sometimes to better know the candidate, they can view social network sites such as Facebook to understand the candidate. This can lead to a false reading of their character and can result in not being hired. Facebook is used by millions of people and it has access to each of their personal details and lives. If this database isnt protected someone can come in and access these valuable information and exploit them at will. (McIntosh et al). An example is that of Julian Asange who had used dataveillance techniques to monitor and retrieve high level government documents and made them public. Furthermore personal dataveillance of an individual without their consent is illegal. While the government agencies are excused as they perform these monitoring techniques to ensure our safety. However for businesses and individuals if caught tracking an individual without their consent, it can be punished by law as it is a breach of ones privacy. Mass dataveillance its benefits and dangers Mass dataveillance is monitoring of a certain large group in order to identify an individual who belongs to that certain group. It is controversial as it is a form of profiling based on race, gender and religion and all are targeted, even though there is no suspicion to justify monitoring them. It involves identifying members of the entire population that belong to a specified group and then using techniques similar to that of personal dataveillance except all data trails despite them being not important are followed up in the hope it could lead to someone of interest. (Clarke 1988). The benefits of this form of surveillance is that it is most likely that the person of interest will belong to that group hence monitoring just that group will be more efficient then looking through the entire population. It is used by authorities such as the government and police as well as some businesses. Mass dataveillance can be summed up as a witch hunt while personal dataveillance is more targeted to an individual and does not affect other people. Mass dataveillance leads to discrimination and false accusations. Businesses may target a certain group of their employees as they suspect they could be up to some wrongdoing. Individuals can be closely monitored simply for the fact they belong to certain group of people. This type of surveillance has been used heavily in certain eastern countries but now it is also seen in western countries as a result of increased terrorism. However this shows how ones privacy can be invaded if necessary by higher authorities even when they maybe innocent. Instead mass dataveillance is used to arise suspicion rather than monitor individuals of suspicion like personal dataveillance. (Clarke 1988). The first and far most threat of dataveillance is to the privacy and identity of individuals and as a society as a whole. Mass surveillance has been criticized on many grounds like violation of privacy rights, illegality and for prevention social and political freedom. Importance of Privacy Privacy can be defined as a persons right to be left alone and one of the most valued right by free people (Craig 2006). Privacy is peoples right to make their own decisions regarding private matters and it is peoples right to live their lives secluded from public inquiry (Craig 2006). Privacy is important for different perceptions. They are Philosophically This is the concept of human dignity and integrity, as well as the notions of individual autonomy and self-determination. This is the notion and importance of Human rights. Psychologically The peoples need for private space. Sociologically The peoples need to behave freely and to communicate with other people without having the threat of being observed. Economically The peoples need to invent without surveillance. Politically The peoples need to be free to act, think and argue without surveillance. (Clarke 2006) Broadly interpreted privacy is an individuals integrity and therefore includes every characteristics of an individuals social need (Clarke 2006). Using Maslows Hierarchy of Needs privacy can be illustrated in the following categories (Clarke 2006): Privacy of the person It is also known as ‘bodily privacy. It is the integrity of a persons body and comes under the Physiological and Safety needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is broadly known as a persons freedom from torture and his right to medical treatment. Privacy of personal behaviour It is also known as ‘media privacy and comes under belonging and self-esteem needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It relates to peoples personal lives and not to be observed. Privacy of personal communications It is also known as ‘interception privacy and comes under belonging and self-esteem needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is an individuals right to communicate with other people without being observed. Privacy of personal data It is also known as ‘data privacy and comes under belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization needs in Maslowian Hierarchy. It is an individuals right to control over his data even in the hands of a third party. (Clarke 2006) All means of dataveillance deter the concept of privacy of individuals and society as a whole. One cannot perform well if he is being watched all the time. People do not feel themselves safe as this watch over can be used in a negative way. Dataveillance can harm the privacy and identity of the individuals and the society in the following ways 1. The main and direct threat of dataveillance is that no actual people are always observing our data. It is mostly computer systems that collect and link the relevant data. Also it is very likely that computer systems can make mistakes and give information that is incorrect. These mistakes are mostly overlooked as there are no people monitoring this data. This can create a range of other problems like identifying wrongly people into different categories according to his data collected. For example a person using his personal computer to research on terrorism for a project can be categorised into a group of highly watched individuals. In this example the individual is incorrectly identified and will have problems trying to oppose being branded as a terrorist. 2. The next threat of dataveillance is the quality of the data. Currently there are no standards concerning the quality of the data that are collected in the dataveillance systems. People or companies that collect data usually use cheap and easy forms dataveillance technology to reduce their costs. This is due no standards on the technology used for dataveillance. The data collected by these cheap technologies are usually low quality data and therefore may contain many errors and could put an individual in unnecessary dangers. Also most individuals are unaware that their data is collected and therefore will not be able to oppose these facts. 3. Another important threat is that the data collected on an individual can be misinterpreted and is more likely if all the relevant data is not thoroughly checked. People or a computer system is not going to do extensive research as to whether the data collected is correct in that circumstance and therefore will only show the immediate facts. These days online marketing technology instantaneously collects, enhance and aggregate the data. This creates lots of problems for consumer privacy. (Donahue, Whittemore, Heerman) Conclusion Dataveillance has two sides; on one side, it apparently offers speed, security, and safety; on the other, it unnecessarily exposes individuals to potential threats for privacy. Privacy is a privilege that most people take for granted. It is simply thought of as a source of God given right that we, as human being, are entitled to, the right to have our own space, to be safe, and to be left alone. The increased use of dataveillance has been found very useful on many occasions and no one regret the positive aspects of dataveillance. For example as mentioned above it was most probably dataveillance techniques that led to the killing of Osama Bin Laden which reflects the positive highlights of dataveillance. However the main concern for the use of dataveillance technology is that it has no standards or regulations. In addition, because of its perceived benefits, the worrisome aspects are usually overlooked. This perhaps sheds light on why resistance is often lacking or simply fails. It is important in the early stages of 21st century, for citizens to ask collectively whether the negative aspects of dataveillance are likely to be mitigated or eliminated if present trends continue. If as a concerned citizen, we feel the negative effects of dataveillance will not be mitigated if we continue on the current path; then we must move collectively away from trying to maintain an ever-weakening illusion of privacy, and shift to offensive, by demanding accountability of those whose power is enhanced by dataveillance. Therefore it is only when standards and regulations are adopted will individuals be able to enjoy privacy and freedom.

Christians Cannot Blindly Accept Multiculturalism Essay -- Immigration,

Racial reconciliation should be a top priority for every Christian of any race or cultural background. But will this demand for a "multicultural center of learning" produce a less prejudiced society? Multiculturalists insist on greater sensitivity towards, and increased inclusion of, racial minorities and women in society. Christians should endorse both of these goals. But many advocating multiculturalism go beyond these demands for sensitivity and inclusion; here is where Christians must be careful. One of the difficulties of accepting multiculturalists is that defining a multicultural society, or institution seems to be determined by one's perspective. A commonly held view suggests that being multicultural involves tolerance towards racial and ethnic minorities, mainly in the areas of dress, language, food, religious beliefs, and other cultural manifestations. An influential group calling itself NAME, or the National Association for Multicultural Education, includes in its philosophy statement the following: "Xenophobia, discrimination, racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia are societal phenomena that are inconsistent with the principles of a democracy and lead to the counterproductive reasoning that differences are deficiencies."(name). NAME is a powerful organization composed of educators from around the country, and it has considerable influence on how schools approach the issue of diversity on campus. The fundamental question that the folks at NAME need to answer is, "Is it always counterproductive to reason that some differences might be deficiencies?"(name). In other words, isn't it possible that some of the characteristics of specific culture groups are dangerous or morally unsound? It is not uncommon for advocates of multiculturalism like NAME to begin with the assumption that truth is culturally based. It is argued that a group's language dictates what ideas about God, human nature, and morality are permissible. While Americans may define reality using ideas from its Greek, Roman, Asian or African cultures see the world differently based on their traditions. Multiculturalists conclude that since multiple descriptions of reality exist, no one view can be true in any ultimate sense. Furthermore, since truth is a function of language, and all language is created by humans, all truth is created by humans. This view of truth and language ha... ...elieve that every human being was created in God's image and reflects God's glory and majesty. We were created to have dominion over God's creation as His stewards. Thus, we are to care for others because they are ultimately worthy of our care and concern. We are not to be cruel to others because the Creator of the universe made individuals to have fellowship with Him and He cares for them. This does not discount that people are fallen and in rebellion against God. In fact, if we really care about people we will take 2 Corinthians 5:19-20 seriously. First, that God has made reconciliation with Himself possible through His Son Jesus Christ, and as verse 20 says, "..he has committed to us the message of reconciliation. We are therefore Christ's ambassadors, as though God were making his appeal through us." True sensitivity and inclusion will not be achieved by making tolerance an absolute. They occur when we take what people believe, and the consequences of those beliefs, seriously. When you think about it, what could be crueler than failing to inform people of the Gospel of redemption through Christ, leaving them to spend eternity separated from the Creator God who loves them?

Researching the World of Plastic Surgery Essay -- Beauty Plastic Surge

Researching the World of Plastic Surgery In the creation of our beings, we are blessed, and sometimes cursed with features we, as freethinkers, might not otherwise have chosen for ourselves. Certain circumstances however, may arise on the journey known as life, forcing us to reconstruct these features in an effort to construct normal, healthy, lives. Often, we are compelled to reconstruct these features in an effort to enhance an otherwise normal, healthy life. For the individual unaware of the pros and cons, in regards to the acquisition of cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery; I produce this composition in an attempt to inform you, the reader; as well as to expand upon my limited knowledge of this field. In researching the world of â€Å"Plastic Surgery†, we approach a dividing factor. There are two categories into which most operations are labeled. Cosmetic surgeries occur when an individual takes notice of a particular feature on his/her body and makes the decision to alter the imperfection. In humans, it is impossible to find a â€Å"flawless† being. Our bodies, in their own right, are not created equal. A certain degree of asymmetry exists within each of us. Symmetry is not a dominant trait in the human race. Take a picture of your face, photographing each side individually. Place each photo side by side. Notice the difference? Each feature, your eyes, your nose, and even your lips take on their own sense of symmetry, or asymmetry if you will. Reconstructive surgery takes place when an individual is blessed with features that hinder his/her ability to lead a normal, healthy, life. Breast augmentation is one of the most frequently requested cosmetic surgeries. Implants are inserted behind the breast tissue of each breast or behind the â€Å"pectoralis† a major muscle, helping to increase the size of the breast. Silicone implants are made of thick material and filled with either saline or an antibiotic solution during the operation. Women are classically partial to this type of operation. However, in recent years, males have exhibited an interest in cosmetic operations pertaining to the enhancement of the male physique, thus leading to the procurement of â€Å"pectoral implants†. Each sex concludes this course of action for similar reasons. Increased sex appeal, heightened sexual pleasure, as well as a new found sense of confidence, infl... ... some of us are pleased with the features we are blessed with, upon entrance into the world. I am not content with the results, time, and gravity, will eventually afford me. Natural occurrences are, at times, the fault of our deformities; proving detrimental to ones emotional, and physical, well being. In those moments, I approve the operations in search of self-preservation, along with the desire and/or immediate need to correct the aesthetic defaults nature has blessed us with. Bibliography http://www.plasticsurgery.org/ http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/Breast-Reconstruction-Resources-Home.cfm http://www.knowledgestation.com/ov/plastic-surgery.htm http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_lipo.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_tummy.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_nose.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_face.html http://www.yourmakeovers.com/breast_lift.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/breast_reduction.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/laserskin_resurfacing.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/liposuction.htm

Pillow Book by Sei Shonagan

After reading this brief section of â€Å"The Pillow Book,† I believe that the things, events or situations she considers not good or proper are those that differ from the unique cultural value and concept of Miyabi. Miyabi is a refined courtly taste and a perfection of form and color. Many of the things, events and situations described directly differs from this concept and in ancient Japanese societies, this concept was very much valued and important.This is especially shown in the 5th example of hateful things in which Sei Shonagon describes â€Å"the sight of men in their cups who shout, poke fingers in their mouths, stroke their beards, and pass on the wine to their neighbors with cries†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This example shows how Sei Shonagon has seen well-bred people behaving like this and violating the concept of Miyabi which has caused it to be distasteful. In my opinion, the concept of Miyabi and the reasoning of her evaluation is based on social aspects as Miyabi was forme d upon a concept of how to behave socially. . A Man who has nothing in particular to recommend him discusses all sorts of subjects at random as though he knew everything. I agree with this example because I have met a lot of these types of people throughout my life and I find them absolutely annoying. They are perfect examples of what I believe to be jack of all trades and master of none. It especially annoys me when they talk about a topic in which I study or have done a lot of research on and they end up telling a lot of false facts which I know to not be true. . One is in the middle of a story when someone butts in and tries to show that he is the only clever person in the room. Such a person is hateful, and so, indeed, is anyone, child or adult, who tries to push himself forward. This example really resonated with me because throughout attending a lot of networking events, I have realized that these people are despicable. When a person is in the middle of saying something, I fin d it really rude to cut in and interrupt them.However, this seems to always happen at networking events where all the students are trying to gain favoritism from the employer by interrupting and attempting to show that he is the cleverest person in the room. c. Ladies-in-waiting who want to know everything that is going on. Once again, this example really â€Å"pushes my buttons†. I find this to be especially true in high school settings where everyone wants to know everything. It seems that every person, especially girls in high school need to know the daily gossip and find it a personal objective to spread that gossip to as many people as they possibly can.I really do not like these types of people, especially when it is none of their business or when you do not even know them. d. A newcomer pushes ahead of the other members in a group; with a knowing look, this person starts laying down the law and forcing advice upon everything – most hateful. This occurs in group settings and especially in team projects. One person will always assume that they are the smartest and try to take a management role to delegate work to everybody. However, I think that the reason you’re working in a group is to see the opinions of others and also to see how others think.When one person tries to take over and stops everyone from giving opinions, this destroys the main point of working in a group. From reading this list, I think that she would consider anything that conforms to the concept of Miyabi would be good or praise worthy. In a western civilization, she would probably consider gentlemen behavior to be good or praiseworthy. Sei Shonagon sets herself up as an arbiter of good taste and most of hateful things are pronouncements of what she considers elegant or inelegant behavior in male courtiers.Therefore, I believe that a man who acts as a gentleman will receive praise from her. There is definitely a bias in Shonagon’s evaluation of people. Firstl y, it is evident that she does not really like old people. This is evident in her 4th example of how she talks about â€Å"an elderly person warms the palms of his hands over a brazier and stretches out the wrinkles. No Young man would dream of behaving in such a fashion; old people can really be quite shameless†. This shows that she is quite straightforward and almost arrogant in writing about her view of elders.In addition, there is a gender bias as she seems to evaluate her male courtiers and makes explicit pronouncements as to what she deems to be elegant and inelegant behavior. Through reading her list of hateful things, I realized that Shonagon thinks that a man has to do everything perfectly and in accordance with Miyabi. An example would be the 8th hateful thing; â€Å"A gentlemen has visited one secretly. Though he is wearing a tall, lacquered hat, he nevertheless wants no one to see him. He is so flurried, in fact, that on leaving, he bangs into something with his hat.Most hateful! † To me, it seems that the male courtier was just clumsy and made a mistake of banging his hat on something but to Shonagon, it seems that this is the most inelegant behavior a male courtier could do. She wrote about how hateful it was and therefore, I think that there is definitely a gender bias in her evaluation of people. The only time she actually talks about hateful things that women does is in her example of â€Å"ladies in waiting who want to know everything that is going on. † Her list of hateful things is mostly comprised of the male courtiers.

Dbq Indian Removal Essay

DBQ When the Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi river, they didn’t want to follow the law and be part of U.S. government and wanted to govern their own people. Andrew Jackson being a president of United States didn’t want the group to ignore the government therefore, proposed to move them west of the Mississippi river. In order to justify and keep threats away from the U.S. settlers, the U.S. government promised them bigger land, money, pay for their needs and support for one year as said in the excerpt from Indian Removal Act 1830 (source 1). This act should be justified because it resolved the conflicts between the U.S. and the Indies were given comparable land and support. In Source 2 Andrew Jackson makes a speech about if the Indians movie it will benefit the U.S. and make Alabama and Mississippi stronger. The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites, â€Å"by opening the whole territory between the Tennessee on the north Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and render the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid†( article 2). Also the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more interesting and important. When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move. â€Å"The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land claimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River†¦ 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi† (source 5). The United States as well, â€Å"agreed that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included within†¦any State or Territory† (source 5). As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the Americans took away â€Å"all laws†¦ and regulations†¦enacted by the Cherokee Indians†¦ are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.†(source 3). Organizer Details/ evidence * Paragraph 2 * The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. * Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites * â€Å"By opening the whole territory between the Tennessee on the north Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and render the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid† (article 2). * the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more interesting and important. * Paragraph 3 * When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move. * â€Å"The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land claimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River†¦ 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi† (source 5). * The United States as well, â€Å"agreed that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included within†¦any State or Territory† (source 5). * As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the Americans took away â€Å"all laws†¦ and regulations†¦enacted by the Cherokee Indians†¦ are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.†(Source 3).

Restaurant Business Plan Essay

Chapter 1 Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will enter into a market with perfect competition. With perfect competition Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will have an infinite number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy our products at a certain price. It would also have an infinite amount of producers with the willingness and ability to supply the products at a certain price. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge is a new fine dining restaurant and lounge located on LaGrange Road in Orland Park. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will target both fun-seeking as well as sophisticated diners looking for great food in a fascinating atmosphere. Our Rooftop will offer 360 degree views with a unique outdoor terrace. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will seek to earn 85% gross margins through an innovative and creative setting, a great menu, and the best service. Five Factors of Production: Start up costs and all financing of Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will be funded by the owner Kevin Lentz. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge would be situated on a busy intersection in Orland Park. This would be new construction: building Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge from the ground up. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge would first have to hire a construction company to build the establishment. Once the building was complete and up to code, Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge would hire its staff and purchase inventory. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge focuses on local and tourist active restaurant seekers, with special focus on young adults with a $20-30,000 a year income and a desire for good food with a fascinating atmosphere. According to Orland Park’s demographics from the United States Census Bureau we generally know the characteristics of our target market. Our personal crowd would consist of young adults (ages 20-29) and adults (ages 30-50), both male and female, usually at least one year of college if not already fully graduated. Our geographics include people from the local Orland Park area, people from neighboring cities, and tourists from other states and countries. Chapter 2 Restaurants rack up one of the most costly environmental bills in the retail world. Fortunately, there are ways restaurants can go green on more than just their menus. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will be a Certified Green Restaurant. Some Certified Green Restaurants save thousands of dollars by cutting energy, water, and waste. They appeal to environmentally concerned Americans and those who are health conscious. How will Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge be environmentally friendly and socially responsible? Walking into Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge you’ll find recycled wood panels, eco-friendly flooring, and zero use of VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints. We will fill our facility with Energy Star qualified equipment and compact fluorescent lighting that produces 75 percent less energy and heat. Clients can also enjoy unique creations like crispy Thai trout tacos, original vegan Championburgers, or mango-guava fruit shakes. Rooftop restaurant and Lounge takes flavor seriously, backing up its meals and drinks with a 100% Taste Guarantee. If you don’t like your meal or drink they will happily whip you up something else or give you your money back. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge serves Certified Humane, hormone-free meat and prepares their meals with only 100 percent organic ingredients. A 100 percent organic menu also offers tempting sandwiches, desserts, beer, and wine. Rather than using cheaper ingredients, the company splurges a little to buy quality foods that are ta stier and more nutritious. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge also offsets 100 percent of their energy use by purchasing certificates for renewable wind power. Besides constructing their building out of recycled materials, Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge still bases its business on integrity. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge pays their employees fair wages and benefits. By going green, restaurants can often earn more green. Chapter 3 What is the intended form of ownership? Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge is a sole-proprietorship business owned in majority by its founder and president Kevin Lentz. The owner is also personally responsible for all debts and liabilities incurred by the business. A sole proprietor can own the business for any duration of time and sell it when he or she sees fit. As owner, a sole proprietor can even pass a business down to his or her heirs. A sole proprietor has complete control and decision-making power over the business. A sole proprietor has minimal start up legal fees and NO corporate tax payments. Sole proprietors receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. The owner pays taxes on income from the business as part of his or her personal income tax payments. All responsibilities and business decisions fall on the shoulders of the sole proprietor. The sole proprietor of the business can be held personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business. Additionally, this risk extends to any liabilities incurred as a result of acts committed by employees of the company. Most sole proprietors rely on loans and personal assets to initially finance their business. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will choose to incorporate once the business has started to grow. Chapter 4 Assuming Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will have international operations: Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will have a second location in Cancun, Mexico located in the heart of Cancun’s Hotel Zone. At this location Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge will have exquisite Mexican decor and outstanding Mexican cuisine. There are multitude of different kinds of organizational structures in international business for instance, one particular structure may require a substantially different plan of coordinating the activities of any given individual or organization. Independent Agent: An independent agent can be defined as an international individual or company who works with an exporter to represent the organization in question best interests in an international destination. Often these agents will take on the roles of being a sales representative. They offer the exporters goods, obtain payments by the purchaser, and as well work to ensure that the exporter’s clients are absolutely satisfied with the goods received. These agents will often have a wide variety of clients or firms who often do not specialize in any specified product or market. For example, Levi Strauss employs agents all across the world specifically in small countries found within these continents, South America, Africa, and Asia. Licensing arrangement: A licensing arrangement can be defined as an agreement in which an owner of a particular good will allow another company to manufacture sell and or market this good or service for a fee and or royalty. These companies will often grant interested parties or businesses in foreign destination exclusive rights to produce and or supply their goods in that particular market. The exporter will receive royalties as well any associated fees. These royalties will usually be determined as a percentage of the licensee’s total revenues. Branch offices: A branch office can be defined as a place in which an exporting company will establish themselves within a foreign nation in order to offer their products more effectively to that foreign market. In most cases exporting firms will just employ current top managers within their organization and will send these managers over to this foreign destination to establish a new branch office. This branch office will act to provide this organization with a greater public image. It is believed that consumers will feel more confident about any particular company’s product or service. Strategic alliance: A strategic alliance is where a company in which two or more individuals or businesses will merge their resources together in order to tackle a specified, mutually beneficial project. Both parties will agree to participate equally in investing resources into this new venture thus forming the alliance. Out of all the International organizational structures to choose from, Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge in Cancun, Mexico will be a branch office. This business model is treated as an extension of its parent company which means that it should only conduct the activities performed by the main office in Orland Park, Illinois. Having a branch office provides several advantages to any foreign company including the ability to conduct business in Mexico, explore more business opportunities and directly interact with its local distributors and agents. While this business model has several advantages, foreign companies should realize that there are some arrangements and requirements that may not be beneficial on their part. For example, foreign companies do not enjoy limited liability which means that they are responsible for all the losses and debts of their branch office which is considered as their legal extension. Another disadvantage is that a branch office, being a non-resident business entity, is not eligible for local tax benefits and exemptions. Lastly, this business model is prohibited to engage in business activities that are not performed by its parent company. Chapter 5 Mission Statement: Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge is a business that envelopes fine dining of unique healthy taste and an excellent rooftop atmosphere. The mission is not only to have great tasting food, but have efficient and friendly service. Our dining environment is not only welcoming and sophisticated, it is unique in design, with glass ceilings and windows on almost all sides of the rooftop. After dining in, customers can enjoy the outdoor terrace and garden views. We concentrate on customer satisfaction and quality food that is always fresh and 100 percent organic. We want the Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge to be the place people can enjoy a tasty, healthy meal and meet new friends. It is our goal to provide a great work environment and treat employees with dignity and respect. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge wants to build lasting relationships with the guests, contribute positively to communities and our environment. Rooftop Restaurant and Lounge recognizes that profitability is key to our future success .