The Lean Production Leading Toyotas Competitiveness Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2166 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Lean manufacturing signifies for a pledge eradicating waste, simplifying technique as well as accelerating production. At the outset, a company must be capable of being acquainted with a particular customer who espouses the Toyota lean manufacturing system. The Toyota lean manufacturing system will be capable of adding value to products and goods as well by means of identifying the accessible manufacturing course of action. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Lean Production Leading Toyotas Competitiveness Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In Japan from the Toyota lean manufacturing system, the paradigm of lean manufacturing system has been declared. The lean manufacturing enlarged in North America has gone forward as of its inauguration in the Toyota Production System in Japan. In actual fact, in North America and over and done with the world Japanese stipulations such as kanban, kaizen or andon- are used for lean manufacturing system derived from Toyota Lean Manufacturing System. These terms have become archetypal in each and every lean manufacturing system accessible throughout the world. To advance manufacturing processes, the Toyota lean manufacturing system appears an impediment in aspires. Conversely, the wisdom of the Toyota lean manufacturing system spreads out this sight into implication that even though wastes can be procedures of the manufacturing system are not only objects. In support of all its courses of action, the Toyota lean manufacturing system is determined going behind incessant enrichment. To amp lify the effectiveness of companies, the Toyota lean manufacturing system illustrates a plan through plummeting the overheads incurred. A company implements the Toyota lean manufacturing system because it can articulate cost savings in terms of waste abolition in the system. As dimensions constraint alters in lean manufacturing, the manufacturing cost does not have such a precipitous slump. Communal augmentation through automobile industry is the aspiration of Toyota Motors. PROLOGUE In order to triumph over the technical hitches caused by depreciating business atmosphere and to get done incessant augmentation, diverse strategies has been occupied to move ahead efficiency at plants and business unit. From time to time, commercial business endures a hypothetical reallocation, an alteration in the scenery of the diversion so elementary that the rivalry no longer applies. The fortitude of lean production is captured ahead of this analysis. ASPIRES OBJECTIVES The aim is to endow with a speculative conduct to indulgent key conception of lean manufacturing and their impact on Toyota Motors in terms of competitiveness over the entire automobile industry. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION COMPANY SYNOPSIS In lieu of putting forward a inclusive assortment of modes, as of mini-vehicles to large trucks, one of the worlds leading automobile company, Toyota Motor Corporation. In 2003, Global sales of Toyota and Lexus were 6.78 million units along with brands of Daihatsu and Hino. Right now Toyota has 51 manufacturing businesses across 26 regions above and beyond it is in possession of 12 plants and 11 manufacturing ancillaries as well as associates in Japan that producing Lexus-and Toyota brand automobiles and assorted apparatus. As of March 2004, Toyota endows with work for around 264,000 personnel worldwide (on a intermingled starting point), and promotes automobiles across more than 140 countryside. In accordance with report in March of the fiscal year 2004 , in excess of 90% of companys entire sales revived a communal ÂÂ ¥17.29 trillion including automotive business, together with sales finance. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEM In 1937 as a amplification from Toyoda Automotive Loom Works, the Toyota Motor Co. was ascertained. Sakichi Toyoda the King of Inventors systematized the Toyoda Automotive Loom Works who had put up for sale the patent rights of one of his appliance to Platt Brothers (UK) and endowed with the starting point money in support of the magnification and test assembling of Toyotas first automobiles. The manufacturing system of Toyota was augmented in the late 1950s, ceasing in the commencement of the Toyota Production System. Afterward in 1970, it turns out to be ascribed as Total Production System (TPS), even though being ascertained by Taiichi Ohno much in advance. The system is a foremost aspect in the attenuation and deficiencies in the plants of Toyota and its intermediaries based on the i deology of Jidoka, JIT (Just-in-time) and Kaizen. It reinforces all our operations across the entire world. LEAN PRODUCTION MANUFACTURING SYSTEM Lean manufacturing signifies for a pledge eradicating waste, simplifying technique as well as accelerating production. As indispensable outward appearance, it is the methodical exclusion of waste in excess of production, lingering, transport, inventory, over-processing and defective units. It is the execution of the contemplations of incessant flow and customer pull. On behalf of augmenting and optimizing distinct courses of action, lean manufacturing is an incorporated, inclusive set of apparatus, conventions, instructions and systems. It is a philosophy derived by Toyota Motors anchored in the deliberate eradication of all waste, the incessant enrichment of productivity and an underway spotlight on customer value. Through optimizing core possessions and ascertain a corporate culture ethnicity fanatical to discerning and incessantl y nurturing customer contentment, the lean viewpoint aspires to diminish waste anywhere in the company. All mechanized and support course of action can be conducted in terms of waste elimination and generality in the course of its five core principles. Production of value It determines the standpoint of the customer in terms of lowering cost, betterment of deliverance performance, higher quality, and distinctiveness in elucidation of product. Optimizing the value stream From product design to customer deliverance, it incorporates all actions entailed alongside the cost execution pathway to be acquainted with the elementary component courses of action necessary to worth invention. Converting batch-based process to flow Renovate all movements lead to making products from lot-size production to flow after waste amputation. Activating the demand pull Attain most steady and proficient workflow without the predestined speculation and ambiguity through of anticipating, expensive price movements and excess inventory that spectacularly shrinks all forms of dispensation lead time. Perfection of all products processes and services. Even though it is effortless to execute than one might think through simplifying courses of action and generates lucidity, it stands for a radical change in operations and corporate culture where all the partners of supply chain can partake interactively in enhancing value. LEAN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Lean SCM is a supply chain functioning and deliberate management viewpoint operating network-enabling expertises, in order to effect the even restoration of supplier and service partner networks. It is authorized to put to death exceptional, inimitable customer-winning value at the lowest cost in the course of the mutual, instantaneous synchronization of product/service conveying, demand precedence, imperative marketplace in sequence and logistics delivery competence. THE TOYOTA LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM The Toyota lean manufacturing is a somewhat synchronization of more than a few ideas into a set of feasible accordance. At the outset, a company must be capable of being acquainted with a particular customer who espouses the Toyota lean manufacturing system. Later, in order to concentrate on power into accumulated value to the goods, the Toyota lean manufacturing system will know how to conduct the companies and personnel. The Toyota lean manufacturing system will be capable of adding value to products and goods as well by means of identifying the accessible manufacturing course of action. LEAN MANUFACTURING THE TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM Four stupendous fellows are accredited throughout the enlargement of lean manufacturing system: Sakichi Toyoda, Kiichiro Toyoda, Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno. Among them Sakichi Toyoda initiated the Toyoda group in 1902. In between 1936 and 1950, his son Kiichiro Toyoda showed the way concerning automobile manufacturing manoeuvre. From 1950 to 1981 Eiji Toyoda was the managing director of Toyoda Group and afterwards he became Chairman until 1994. Another one Taiichi Ohno is called the father of Kanban System. In 1902 Sakichi Toyoda invented a power loom and later in 1926 he pretend an automatic loom that detect a cracked filament automatically impeding the loom to avert inferior production. In the same year he founded the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works manufacturing automatic looms whose patent he sold to a British company in to finance an automobile manufacturing operation with his son Kiichiro in 1937. In 1936, Sakichi Toyoda persuaded his father to ascertain an automotive operation. For a year, Kiichiro travelled to the Ford Motor Company in Detroit in order to study American automotive industry and returned back to Japan with a strapping acquaintance of the Ford production system to accustom the system to smaller production quantities. In view of that, Kiichiros system endowed with for diverse courses of action in the assembly series of invention. Within the Toyoda Group, the system was referred to as Just-in-Time. After completion of graduation, in 1936 Eiji Toyoda attached wi th the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. In 1950, Eiji turned out to be named Managing Director of the Toyoda Automotive Works and transformed around the Toyoda Group attributable to legislative pressure resulting resignation Kiichiro and his entire staff. As a Managing Director in the first year Eiji travelled to USA to study the American automotive industry and report on American manufacturing methods. Eijis pioneered concept has been considered to be one of the major building blocks of the Toyota Production System of incessant augmentation, Kaizen. As a result of inspiring contribution, Taiichi Ohno is considered to be the inventor of the Toyota Production System along with the Father of the Kanban System. After completion of graduation in 1932, he prolonged ahead the JIT concepts to diminish waste, and going ahead exploring to generate indispensable apparatus in a timely manner to support final assembly. As a consequence of the war, Taiichi Ohno dealt with the mechanism operati ons under rigorous condition of lacking material. Slowly but surely he erected augmented line of attack of sustaining the assemblage operation and the organism where he assigned two concept from Henry Fords book Today Tomorrow circulated in 1926 and the concept of supermarket operation of USA scrutinized during visit in 1956 endowing with the basis of incessant supply of materials. Over a 90-year period of time, the primitive standards and exercises of Lean are enlarged. In order to be triumphant, execution necessitates a devotion and bottleneck by management, and participation of the all personnel within an organization. IMPACT OF LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM PQAS LEAN MANUFACTURING USERS GROUP PQA delineated a Lean Manufacturing Users Group intended for individual as well as local organization in order to commence its deliberation and spread the world as soon as possible. In Japan from the Toyota lean manufacturing system, the paradigm of lean manufacturing system has been declared. The lean manufacturing enlarged in North America has gone forward as of its inauguration in the Toyota Production System in Japan. In actual fact, in North America and over and done with the world Japanese stipulations such as kanban, kaizen or andon- are used for lean manufacturing system derived from Toyota Lean Manufacturing System. These terms have become archetypal in each and every lean manufacturing system accessible throughout the world. THE SPIRIT OF THE TOYOTA LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM For the most part, in spotlighting all possessions or power in erecting definite value-added attributes, the Toyota lean manufacturing system has intent to be applied as an apparatus despite the fact that also classifying, being acquainted with and eradicating the actions that are of no value. THE WASTE IN THE TOYOTA LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM To advance manufacturing processes, the Toyota lean manufacturing system appears an impediment in aspires. The squander has t urned into the spotlight of the Toyota lean manufacturing system, even though limelight and vigor ought to be directed towards the esteemed goods. Conversely, the wisdom of the Toyota lean manufacturing system spreads out this sight into implication that even though wastes can be procedures of the manufacturing system are not only objects. INCESSANT AUGMENTATION IN THE TOYOTA LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM In support of all its courses of action, the Toyota lean manufacturing system is determined going behind incessant enrichment. In order to convalesce the manufacturing process, any unnecessary process will have to be come to an end. Above and beyond, this process is permissible to be unwrapped and acclimatized to any alteration. Instantaneous gains are attained and pulled off during recognition of existing waste in the value stream. THE PLAN OF THE TOYOTA LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM To amplify the effectiveness of companies, the Toyota lean manufacturing system illustrates a plan through plummeting the overheads incurred. A company implements the Toyota lean manufacturing system because it can articulate cost savings in terms of waste abolition in the system. INCESSANT AUGMENTATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM DESIGN As dimensions constraint alters in lean manufacturing, the manufacturing cost does not have such a precipitous slump. This can be integrated into the Lean Manufacturing System attributable to product agility and equipment stretchiness. ENDING TOUCH Communal augmentation through automobile industry is the aspiration of Toyota Motors. Toyotas intent is to incessantly captivating the conviction and esteem of the international community. In unit sales and in net sales, at the moment Toyota is the worlds third largest manufacturer of automobiles. Without a doubt as the largest Japanese automotive manufacturer, they are turning out more than 5.5 million vehicles per year, on a par with one every six seconds. In the time it has been oc cupied to read this analysis, theyll have produced at least another three or four car.

Essay about Transatlantic Constitutions Comparing the US...

At the Laeken European Council of December 2001, government and state leaders of the European Union (EU) Member States decided to draft a `Constitutional Treaty for the EU. The draft would then be discussed, amended, approved or rejected by an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) held in 2003. The aim of Fabbrinis article is thus to contribute to the understanding of the constitutional evolution of the EU through a comparison with the constitutional experience of the United States. Worth noting is the fact that there originally were two American constitutions, that the EU does not yet have a formal constitution; but also that the similarities between the constitutionalization process of the two powers are so similar that they warrant a†¦show more content†¦Also introduced in the Preamble to the American constitution was the idea of a republican government, which basically means that the document would first and foremost represent a covenant among the people, a step that generally is seen as necessary to the good implementation of a constitution: Thus a constitution involves implementing a prior covenant-effectuating or translating a prior covenant into an actual frame of government. (Fabbrini, 2004, p.549) This means that the power has to be derived from the people: in short, the constitution IS the people and stems from their wishes and desires. That is why, for example, Governors have to operate within the institutional constraints defined by citizen s through their constitution. (Fabbrini, 2004, p.549) Going back to the American Way of doing things, the constitution is a written document that is separate from other legal texts since: ol li value=1 It surpasses ALL other legal texts li value=2 It considers matters that are more fundamental then others li value=3 It is very hard to modify (only under stringent amendment procedures) /ol Although the American democratic model is popular, many countries (like New Zealand, France, Hungary, Israel) have adapted it to suit their specific needs. A common thread among all these constitutions is that every one of them serves to regulate fundamental matters, although not only such matters nor allShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslike African slavery, grew increasingly common over the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries along with the growth in global commerce.12 Long-distance migration after the middle of the nineteenth century, by contrast, was mostly free. The transatlantic African slave trade, which had been banned by the British Empire in 1807 with limited success (a third of all slaves taken to the New World arrived after the ban) had come to a virtual end by the 1850s.13 The westward-bound movement of European

Gay Rights Essay Introduction Example For Students

Gay Rights Essay Introduction Gay RightsTwo men are walking down the street very peacefully until they decide to kiss one another right out in the open. Some people look upon this as weird and others look upon it in disgust. Some even get angry about it. Is there a problem with what these men just did? Should they be left alone or reprimanded for what they have done? The issue of gay rights is very cloudy in our great nation. Most of this is due to the problems with the issue, the reasons for controversy, and pros and cons of the issue. First of all, both sides have too many problems with gay rights for there to be a common ground on the issue. The biggest problem I find with the whole thing is the problem is not just fought by words, but also by physical means. There have been countless gay beatings across the United States. One instance took place on November 17, 2001. Police said the 42-year-old Vancouver man, whose injuries indicate he was beaten several times with a baseball bat, might have been the victim of a hate crime (HateWatch.org). Even though the number of hate crimes has gone down, a poll was taken and Nearly 4 out of every 10 homosexuals polled said they fear that anti-gay violence will be directed against them personally, and 32 percent said theyve been physically attacked because they are homosexual. (HateWatch.org). On the other hand, being gay goes against the beliefs and values of some Christian churches. As stated in the bible: Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners will inherit the kingdom of God (Corinthians 6:9-10). Or another passage: If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood shall be upon them. (Leviticus 20:13). With gays not backing down and religious people not backing down, this situation will have a difficult time being resolved anytime soon.Secondly there are many issues that do not help the problem at all, thus creating controversy around the situation. The first problem is the issue of gay marriage. All in favor believe that a gay couple should have the right to get married just like a straight couple. Two men by the name of Alan and Steve have been together for 20 years and have been waiting to get married (Marriage). All who oppose state that marriage is the holy joining of a man and a woman, not a man and a man. Secondly, the question of whether gays should be able to adopt children is also a problem. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics gay couples can provide the loving, stable and emotionally healthy family lives that children need (Adoption). But, Family values advocates have attacked the policy, accusing doctors group of using faulty science to advance a gay agenda (Adoption). The third issue is whether or not gays are born the way they are or if it is genetic. This of all the issues would help to shape the decisions of both sides of the issue. Tony, a gay student at Valencia Community College states, I know many gay people, sometimes it depends on the individual person, I personally think that I was born gay (Tony). Lastly, each one of these issues of controversy has its good and bad points. To get a better view on both sides of the issue I interviewed two homosexual males who have differing opinions on the issu e. On the issue of gay marriage, Brian had this to say: Since gay people tend not to stay together as long, I see no reason for them to be married in the first place (Brian). The second interviewee, Brandon, responded with: I believe gays should have the right to marry, because if a man and a woman love one another just as a man and a man love one another, you should not hold the couple that practices an alternative lifestyle to a double standard (Brandon). Next I asked for their opinions on gay adoption. Again gays should not be held to a double standard he continued gay people can show their love for a child just as any straight person can (Brandon). I asked the same question to Brian and he stated: If gays should ever be allowed to adopt them their must be a system involved to help protect the well being of that child. Straight or Gay, I have met some people who want kids, and should not be allowed anywhere near them (Brian). The last question I asked was if they felt that they w ere born gay or if it was due to the environment that they grew up in. I think its actually a combination of both factors. Many people think it is either or, but Ive seen many examples that state differently. I have met many twin siblings where one was gay, and another was not, or both were gay. Also I have met guys who grew up in environments were homosexuality was nonexistent, yet they still turned out gay. If many other factors that are a part of what makes us human are usually a combination of nature and nuture, why should being gay be any different? And no its not a choice to choose your sexual orientation, the only thing you can choose is whether you want to be yourself or not (Brandon). I think it is actually one of the three choices, sometimes its genetic, sometimes it is learned behavior, and sometimes it is both. There are always examples of each and every one of them, so it is really just a case-by-case basis (Brian).In conclusion, gay rights are an issue that surrounds o r will surround everyone and in some way affects our entire nation. Should homosexuals be given the same rights as heterosexuals? My opinion is that homosexuals are no different than any one else. They are still people. Just because they happen to live a different lifestyle than other people, does not mean that their rights should be taken away. The right of matrimony, the right of adoption, and the right of whether you want to say you were born gay or decided to be gay are all right of the individual that should not be taken away. Cain, Patricia. Rainbow rights: the role of lawyers and courts in the lesbian and gay civil rights movement. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000. .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .postImageUrl , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:hover , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:visited , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:active { border:0!important; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:active , .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885 .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b87b0cda7b560cd7b1a520f7c9fb885:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electrocardiogram Essay David. Tolerance is up, but gays still fear attacks. HateWatch.org (1999). 1p. 4February 2002. . Eskridge, William N. Equality practice : civil unions and the future of gay rights. New York: Routledge, 2002. Gallagher, John. Perfect enemies : the battle between the religious right and the gay Movement. Lanham Md.: Madison Books, 2001. Gil, Tony. Personal Interview. 4 Dec. 2002. Harris, Brandon. Personal Interview. 4 Dec. 2002. Kranz, Rachel. Gay Rights. New York: Facts on File, 2000. Minton, Henry L. Departing from deviance : a history of homosexual rights and emancipatory science in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Nomad. Ex-Gay Nomad. 4 February 2002 http://members.aol.com/exgaynomad. Richards, David A. J. Identity and the case for gay rights: race, gender, religion as Analogies. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Silverman, Bryan. Personal Interview. 4 Dec. 2002. Stein, Arlene. The stranger next door : the story of a small communitys battle over sex, faith, and civil rights. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. Thomas, Laurence. Sexual orientation and human rights. Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 1999Thompson, Andrea. Pediatrics Endorse Gay Adoption. NBC News and News Services . Words/ Pages : 1,368 / 24

Rabindranath Tagore free essay sample

Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal which attempted a revival of Hinduism as laid down in the  Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there, In addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan,West Bengal where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. The tremendous excitement and cultural richness of his extended family   permitted young Rabindranath to learn subconsciously at his own pace, giving him a dynamic open model of education, which he later tried to recreate in his school. He found his outside formal schooling to be inferior and boring and, after a brief exposure to several schools, he refused to attend school. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only degrees he ever received were honorary ones bestowed late in life. As one of the earliest educators to think in terms of the global village, Tagore’s educational model has a unique sensitivity within multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-cultural situations, amidst conditions of economic discrepancy and political imbalance. Tagores education marked a novel blending of the ideas of the East and West. The spiritualism of Indian philosophy and progressive outlook of the western people were blended together to give rise to an educational philosophy which marked its distinction. Some of the highlights of his philosophy were Nature the Best Teacher: Tagore believed that nature is the best teacher to the pupil. Nature will provide the student with necessary situations to earn knowledge. No pressure should be exerted upon the student to learn any thing. It is nature which will be the guiding force to inculcate the spirit of learning in the mind of a student to pursue the education he likes. It will shape his behaviour and character. * Goodbye to bo ok-centered education: For the first time in the field of education, Tagore established a new mile-stone. With boldness and firmness, he rejected a book-centered education for students. To him it is not just to confine the mind of boys and girls to text-books only. It would kill the natural instincts of a student as well as his creative skills . * Freedom to learner: Tagore had championed the cause of freedom which he wanted to implement in the field of education. With that objective he opened Shantiniketan, Sri Niketan and Brahmachari Ashram. Accordingly, he gave free choice to students to develop their interest in any field they like. He explained freedom in three-categorized ways i. e. freedom of heart, freedom of intellect and freedom of will. Education imparted in a natural way will lead to the fulfillment of these three freedoms. * Teaching practical and real: According to Tagore, teaching should not be artificial and theoretical. As a naturalist, Tagore laid emphasis on the practicality of education thereby increasing the creative skill within a learner. As a result, the student will be a master in his own field but not a slave to mere theoretical knowledge. Place of fine arts (dance, drama, music, poetry etc). : Tagore attached great importance to the fine arts in his educational curriculum. To him, game, dance, music, drama, painting etc. should form a part of educational process. Students should take active part in these finer aspects of human life for these are very essential to enrich soul. In his words Speaking is for mankind whereas music is a mystic and expressive medium. That is why; speaking creates nearness between man and man, while music helps us to identify ourselves with nature. Education for rural reconstruction: Tagore was aware about the rural poverty of our country. So, he wanted to eradicate it through education. The practical training imparted in different crafts and vocation to the students will make them skilled artisans in their field. I feel that many of his ideas on education hold good even today. We can identify many similarities in the new curriculum as the comprehensive continuous evaluation which have been followed in schools under the CBSE.

Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies Essay Example For Students

Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies Essay James LampeTopics of Discussion in Educational StudiesI read the article Another Look at what young Children Should Be learning because the title interested me, how do we decide what to teach and when? Who controls the standards for a school? Is it up to the teacher or is it something that the teachers were told to teach? In many cases I understand that it is a mixture of both the teachers influence and what the teacher is required to do. This makes me think back to my own experiences in school, being taught different thing and now I think, why was I taught that? This article came up with some very interesting points about education. We will write a custom essay on Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some of these things that I read in the article I can directly relate to my own experience. In my high school and junior high we always had learning goals. They would come up with acronyms to help us remember them and make us do project involving them. In high school they were called the ESLERS, what it stood for escapes me now. I guess the school thought it was a good idea to make sure that every classroom had these learning goals posted on the wall. I thought that was always a little silly, but I cant think of a better way of using them. It never really helped me personally but I could see how it could help others. Learning though interaction at a young age was also mentioned in the article, I have memories of this in use as well. In my elementary school we would always have these weird things that would be secretly teaching us something. Like our first grade teacher introduced us to algebra in a way. He drew this machine on the board, and then he said that he is putting a number in one side. Then he showed us what came out the other side, and we had to figure out what the machine did. He let us put in different numbers, and it was fun. If I become a teacher I hope that I could be that creative when it comes to teaching. In the article they talk about how some methods of teaching could be good in the short run test scores, but not in the long run education of the student. They say that the amount of drills and practice in reading is a good way to teach reading, but could undermine the students disposition toward reading. This is an interesting paradox. The best way of teaching a child a skill could make him not want to use the skill. This should make us reconsider some teaching methods. Also talked about in the article the way that younger children respond to a wider variety of teaching methods. You cannot use a single teaching method to a very diverse group of students without leaving some behind. I remember some of this in my early school experience, but not a lot. They would rather have you conform to a neat little group rather than be an individual. I also remember times in elementary school where I felt left behind in the teaching, but didnt want to say anything. If I become a teacher I would want to address things like this, we cant have it happening. How do you stop it though, no matter what you cannot make a perfect teaching system for every child? That is why there is so much controversy in education, what methods work best and whose test scores are higher. What is comes down to though is each teacher should do their personal best to educate and help their students.

Free Essays on War On Crime ( GOV)

Every candidate for Federal elective office is asked what he or she proposes to do about violent crime. They usually promise more than they or the Federal government can deliver. Poll takers often pose a question such as: "Which presidential candidate do you think will do the most to reduce violent inner-city crime?" Both the candidate who talks about Federal criminal laws reducing local violent crime and the polls miss a major point. The Federal criminal justice system does not have jurisdiction over the vast majority of violent crime. It is not normally a Federal crime to assault, rob, rape, or kill an ordinary citizen. In 1988 of the 43,550 defendants convicted in Federal court only 2139 were charged with violent crime. That is less than five percent. Of 667,366 convictions in state courts in 1988, nearly 100,000 were for violent crime. Of the more than 300,000 jail inmates, probably a majority are there for crimes of violence. The Federal criminal-justice system processes about two percent of the overall violent criminal defendants. Two percent! "Police powers" are reserved to the states by our Constitution. We have no Federal police force like the Russian KGB, only investigative agencies that investigate specific Federal crimes. Most Federal criminal statutes are based on the authority to regulate interstate commerce and to raise taxes. For example, kidnapping is a Federal crime only if the victim is taken across a state line. Congress and the Federal courts often use creative leaps in legal logic to get the nose of the Federal camel under the tent. The robbery of a state-chartered bank is a Federal crime if the bank's deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). And on and on. Reflect, if you will, on some proposed Federal death-penalty crimes. The Administration's current bill authorizes the death penalty in a kidnapping (across state lines) where death results, in murder for hire,... Free Essays on War On Crime ( GOV) Free Essays on War On Crime ( GOV) Every candidate for Federal elective office is asked what he or she proposes to do about violent crime. They usually promise more than they or the Federal government can deliver. Poll takers often pose a question such as: "Which presidential candidate do you think will do the most to reduce violent inner-city crime?" Both the candidate who talks about Federal criminal laws reducing local violent crime and the polls miss a major point. The Federal criminal justice system does not have jurisdiction over the vast majority of violent crime. It is not normally a Federal crime to assault, rob, rape, or kill an ordinary citizen. In 1988 of the 43,550 defendants convicted in Federal court only 2139 were charged with violent crime. That is less than five percent. Of 667,366 convictions in state courts in 1988, nearly 100,000 were for violent crime. Of the more than 300,000 jail inmates, probably a majority are there for crimes of violence. The Federal criminal-justice system processes about two percent of the overall violent criminal defendants. Two percent! "Police powers" are reserved to the states by our Constitution. We have no Federal police force like the Russian KGB, only investigative agencies that investigate specific Federal crimes. Most Federal criminal statutes are based on the authority to regulate interstate commerce and to raise taxes. For example, kidnapping is a Federal crime only if the victim is taken across a state line. Congress and the Federal courts often use creative leaps in legal logic to get the nose of the Federal camel under the tent. The robbery of a state-chartered bank is a Federal crime if the bank's deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). And on and on. Reflect, if you will, on some proposed Federal death-penalty crimes. The Administration's current bill authorizes the death penalty in a kidnapping (across state lines) where death results, in murder for hire,...

Mapp V. Ohio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mapp V. Ohio - Essay Example Mapp later on took her case to the US Supreme Court and filed an appeal based on the argument that the previous ruling violated her First Amendment Right that is the Right to the Freedom of Speech. In this particular case the US Supreme Court sided with Mapp. However, the US Supreme Court did not focus on the First Amendment Rights and rather affiliated to the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, while extending the search and seizure Exclusionary Rule to the state courts as well (Babcock, 2005, p. 1490). The motive behind this ruling was to exclude the disrespect for constitutional guarantees in the criminal procedure, by removing the incentives to their disregard and ignorance (Babcock, 2005). Since 1914, the Federal Courts desisted from admitting illegally seized evidence. Yet, the State Courts enjoyed the liberty as to deciding whether particular evidence was to be admitted or excluded. In the given case the Supreme Court clearly evinced that any evidence procured illegally could not be admitted in a State Court. The Supreme Court ruling in Mapp v. Ohio was indeed controversial as it placed the onus on the courts to decide whether a particular piece of evidence was procured legally or illegally. This decision opened up the US Courts to a plethora of cases concerning the application of the exclusionary rule to the presented evidence (Grossman, 2006, p. 374). This decision ushered in a radical change in the US criminal procedure, extending an array of rights to the criminal defendants (Grossman, 2006, p, 374). Indeed, culture played a predominant role in influencing the Court’s decision as this decision was based on the then popular perception regarding Constitutional provisions and liberties. This ruling indeed left an unprecedented legal legacy of judicial activism in the arena of criminal justice and the affiliated civil liberties. This case convincingly established that the Police that had entered Mapp’s premises without a

Current and Future Development of Irvine Assignment - 1

Current and Future Development of Irvine - Assignment Example The city is divided into townships known as villages. The six lanes within the city separate the townships. The townships have houses of similar designs, commercial centers, and institutions. The city’s design resembles the shape of a necklace, as the residential areas surrounded by two commercial districts; the Irvine Business Complex and Spectrum. The streets have landscaping allowance, with rights of way serving as bicycle corridors, parks and greenbelts. These help in preserving the ecology of the city. There is control of home appearance by the home owner’s association. House roofing, color paints, and landscaping are controlled. Each village was designed and planned to have a distinct architectural theme. The city was incorporated on December 28th, 1971, with Charter Law as its form of government, City Council under control of the city manager. The city has a population of 223,000 hardworking communities, who have chosen the city as their home. Its population has grown steadily over the past 40 years. The population growth percentage is 20% between 1970 and 1980. Ever since that time, it has stagnated to a growth of 2% per year. The city relatively started with a young population base. Irvine is now ranked the 98th largest city in the US according to US Census Bureau. The city has four high schools; University High School, Irvine High School, Northwood High School and Woodbridge High School. There are colleges and universities that offer higher education. These are; University of California, Irvine, Concordia University and Irvine University among others. Libraries are also available within the city. The Heritage Park Regional Library and Katie Wheeler Library offer services to the natives. One of the economic activities in the city is tourism. Destination Irvine program provides information for vacation and destination for meetings, events, and other business initiatives.

Country Analysis Report - Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Country Analysis Report - Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Being a growing country, the government has launched strategies to encourage integration of the digital technology within the business sector. In this light, this is a potential market for ICT infrastructure. If Apple invests in this business sector, it is likely to benefit from high market demand, high customer loyalty, less competition and a stable market position. With a high bargaining power, the organization should expect more profits from this environment. These benefits are expected to last in the long term. The challenges that exist in this market sector cost of imports, delay in obtaining a license and high construction costs. In fact, this market is ranked as one of the hardest market for foreign investors to launch their products. This makes it quite hard for Apple Inc to launch its business plan in this market. Its ability to design a strategy that overcomes these challenges will determine its survival in this market. Numerous risks threaten business survival in this mark et. Existence of terrorism and political instability promises an unpredictable future within this market environment. Also, religious conflicts make it hard to predict consumer behavior in this market. On entry in this market, Apple Inc should be aware of these risk and devise plans to neutralize them. Altogether, Apple Inc should consider entry in this market as challenges and risks are inevitable in every market environment. Saudi Arabia Analysis Report Introduction In the 21st century, there is pressure for every business organization to push its operations in the international markets as a strategic plan to target more customers and optimize profits. Before developing an international investment plan, it is crucial to conduct a thorough environmental market scanning before choosing potential countries where business is viable. This process requires a clear identification of the opportunities available in the country, risk, difficulties and potential of the target country. This h elps a business entity to understand the nature of the new market, and decide whether it is worth to invest in this country. In addition, this helps the organization to devise the right market entry strategy to take advantage of the opportunities, neutralize risks and overcome difficulties associated with the new environment. Understanding the market environment goes way far in determining the success of the organization within the international market. Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that are becoming potential investment market sectors especially in the field of technology. As the country struggles to absorb technology within its industry, there is potential for ICT business in this part of the world. However, this market has associated risks that pose threat to business survival in this industry. For Apple Inc, this market sector is a potential investment environment due to the demand of technology infrastructure that is building up in this country. Although Apple Inc produc ts are already trending in this market, there is need to develop a manufacturing plant in this country to take better advantage of this market. This report is a presentation of the image of the Business environment in Saudi Arabia. It presents the opportunities, benefits, risks and difficulties that Apple Inc would encounter in launching manufacturing operations in this Saudi Arabia. The ICT Potentials of

Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed

Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed 0 Introduction Seaweeds are marine macro-algae that are one of the living renewable resources of the marine environment and well known for its potential food and therapeutic applications (Tseng, 2004). According to Awang et al. (2008), Sabah and Sarawak have a great potential for the cultivation of seaweed. The seaweeds found in Sabah such as Kappaphycus alvarezii, Ulva reticulate, Gracilaria changgi, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum species. Seaweeds are one of the best sources of essential trace metals. Essential trace metals are metals needed by human body in little quantity. These metals can be determined by using atomic spectroscopy techniques. Consumption of seaweeds can increase the amount of dietary fiber and lower the development of some chronic illnesses (Southgate, 1990). The followings are some essential trace metals found in seaweeds and their benefits to human (Alexander, 2014): However, some researchers reported that some seaweed are contaminated and contained high amount of essential trace metals more than the amount needed to human body. These are due to the area and conditions of seawater. According to Noda (1993) the chemical composition of seaweed may vary due to the species, geographic area, seasons of the year and temperature of water. This study focused on the essential trace metals found in different type of seaweeds. The results of the concentration of the essential trace metals are compared to dietary reference intakes (DRI). This study is significant to show the role of essential trace metals and enhance the awareness on the importance of essential trace metals to human health. Problem Statement Seaweeds can be classified into three main groups which are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The compositions of essential trace metals in these groups are differed. Some groups contain high amount of certain essential trace metals and vice versa. These essential trace metals are important for maintaining health. These metals take part in enzymes, hormones and cells in the human body. Inadequate intake of essential trace metals can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency. There are many researches that have been done on seaweeds. Most of them discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds. Therefore, this research focused on essential trace metals. There is necessity to know the composition of essential trace metals in these seaweeds because they supply nutrition and give benefit to human’s health. 3.0 Objectives of study To determine the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium and molybdenum in seaweed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference intakes (DRI). To compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and determine which seaweed has the highest value of essential trace metals. 4.0 Literature Review 4.1 Introduction Many researches have been made to determine the composition of seaweeds. In the previous researches, they discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds and lack of micronutrients. This research focused on essential trace metals found in seaweeds. This research is significant as these metals provide and supply nutrition values to human. This research is carried out in order to determine the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium and molybdenum in seaweed, compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference intakes (DRI), compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and determine which seaweed has the highest value of essential trace metals. 4.2 Definition of essential trace metals Essential trace metals are metals that are required for human body in small amounts generally less than 100 milligrams per day (Cesar, 2005; Araya et al., 2006). These trace elements are minerals which human body cannot produce by itself but can be found in diet. Essential trace metals include vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum (Gadd, 1992). Figure 1 shows the position of essential trace metals in the periodic table. These metals are transition metals and majority of them are located in period 4, showing the relationship between the size of nuclei and the availability of electron of the element to interact with organic molecules present in biological systems (Cesar, 2005). Each essential trace metal has their own specific functions depend on their chemical structures and is important for life. Although these metals are needed for only 0.02% of the total body weight, they are vital as trace bioactive substances and active centers of enzymes (Osamu, 2004). A man required essential trace metals about 50 micrograms to 18 milligrams per day and these metals function as catalytic or structural components of larger molecules (Mertz, 1981). Essential trace metals do not exist by themselves but exist with each other. Excess of one trace metal can cause imbalances in other elements and lead to diseases. To be well-absorbed in the intestine, most trace metals need to be in ionic form. Diet, concentrations of trace element in water, interactions of drug-nutrient are crucial to stabilize the concentration of essential trace elements in the body (Alexander, 2014). Figure 1: Periodic Table with white background indicating elements essential for human and bold characters representing the essential trace metals and non-metals (Cesar, 2005). 4.3 Recommended daily intake of essential trace metals A certain daily intake of food supplements is needed by humans. The essential trace metals are important as enzymes, hormones and cells in the body. Inadequate intake and excessive consumption of essential trace metals can cause symptoms to human body. Table 2 summarizes recommended daily intakes of essential trace metals and its effects of excessive consumption. Table 2: Recommended dietary allowances of essential trace metals (Dietary Reference Intakes, 2001). 4.4 Classification of seaweed Seaweeds can be classified into three main groups based on their brown, red and green pigmentations. The groups of seaweed are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae respectively. Sargassum polycystum species is in Phaeophycae group whereas Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria changgi species are in Rhodophyceae group and Ulva reticulate and Caulerpa lentillifera species are in Chlorophyceae group (Awang et al., 2014). The sizes of seaweeds are different according to their group. Brown seaweeds are often large. They are usually having length about 20 meters long and the thickness is about 2 to 4 meters, whereby the smaller species is about 30 to 60 centimeters. Red seaweeds are usually smaller in size, generally ranging from a few centimeters to about one meter in length. The colors of red seaweeds are not always red. They might be purple, brownish red, but botanists classified them as Rhodophyceae because of other factors. Green seaweeds are small, with a similar size to the red seaweeds (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 29 October 2014). 4.5 The study of essential trace metal in different type of seaweeds Seaweeds rich in about 8% to 40% of essential trace metals required for human body (Indegaard Ostgaard, 1991). Some reports said that the metal contents in seaweeds were higher than edible land plants (Ortega et al., 1993). Concentration of essential trace metals may differed with each other because of several factors includes genetic species, sea conditions, seasons, habitats, maturity, geographical locations and environmental parameters of the seaweed (Ito Hori 1989; Fleurence, 1999; Krishnaiah et al., 2008). According to past researches, the commonly essential trace metals found in seaweeds were copper, cobalt, iron, manganese and zinc. Copper plays an important role in metabolism by allowing enzymes to function properly (Harris, 2001). Copper is vital for maintaining the strength of the skin, blood vessel, epithelial and connective tissue throughout the body. Cobalt is essential for the production of vitamin B12 that is necessary to ensure an adequate number of red blood cells are produced in the body (MedlinePlus 2014, 23 October 2014). Zinc is important for growth, cell division, immune system, vision and also helps to accelerate the renewal of the skin cells (Vallee Falchuk, 1993). Iron is essential as oxygen and electron transport forhemoglobin synthesis of erythrocytes, oxidation–reduction reactions, and cellular proliferation (Yutaka et al., 2008). Manganese is important for the formation of bones, connective tissues, brain and nerve functions (Barbara, 2013). 4.5.1 Kappaphycus alvarezii species The trace amount of manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, chromium and copper were determined in this species that was collected from Palk Bay Mandapam, Tamilnadu in South India region. The concentrations of these metals were 10.6 ppm, 438.7 ppm, 25.5 ppm, 3.9 ppm, 52 ppm and 31.9 ppm respectively (Nageswara, 2013). Another sample was taken from Semporna in Sabah, showed that zinc, iron and copper were present in this species. The concentrations of these three metals were below 3.5 g/100g (Mansoor et al., 2012). From the study, it can be concludes that sea conditions and environments affect the concentration of essential metals in seaweed. In other research, to determine the composition of seaweed by using different types of seedling production, the micropropagated Kappaphycus alvarezii yielded significantly higher concentration of cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc compared to farm-propagated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Suhaimi et al., 2014). Fayaz et al., (2005) stated that Kappaphycus alvarez ii species is a good source of essential metals, containing 0.033% of iron and 0.016% of zinc. The molybdenum is also present in Kappaphycus alvarezii about 0.04 milligrams (Suresh, 2014) and about 1.56 ppm of cobalt found in this species (Rajasulochana et al., 2012). 4.5.2 Ulva reticulate species Ulva reticulata species from Pattani was reported to contain high level in manganese and iron and also small amount of zinc and copper. The concentration of manganese, iron, zinc and copper are 48.1 mg/100g, 174.8 mg/100g, 3.3 mg/100g and 600 ÃŽ ¼g/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006). Awang et al. (2008) reported the range amount of iron is 6.5 mg to 11 mg per 100g, 2 mg to 7 mg per 100g of zinc, less than 0.55 mg/100g of copper and less than 3 mg/100g of chromium present in this species. 4.5.3 Gracilaria changgi species Gracilaria changgi species was reported to contain high level of zinc, iron, and copper with the concentration of 13.8 mg/100g, 95.6 mg/100g and 0.8 mg/100g respectively (Norziah Chio, 2000). The result showed that this species has high amount of iron when compared to other vegetables reported by Tee et al. (1988). The comparison of iron content in Gracilaria changgi species and other vegetables are shown in table 3. Table 3: Concentration of elements (mg/100 g wet weight) present in G. Changgi (Norziah Chio, 2000) and in some vegetables (Tee et al.,1988). From the study, it shows that seaweed is the best source of iron compared to other land vegetables due to its metabolic system which it can absorb elements directly from the seawater. 4.5.4 Caulerpa lentillifera species Iron, zinc and copper were present in Caulerpa lentillifera species which is taken from Semporna in Sabah with the concentration of 21.37 mg/100g, 3.51 mg/100g and 0.11 mg/100g respectively (Suhaila et al., 2009). Duduku et al. (2008) determined the amount of 6.45 mg/100g of iron, 3.53 mg/100g of zinc, and less than 1mg/100g of copper and chromium found in this species. The sample was also taken from Sabah. The study about the composition in Caulerpa lentillifera species showed that iron, manganese, copper and zinc were present with concentration of 9.3 mg/100g, 7.9 mg/100g, 2200 ÃŽ ¼g/100g and 2.6 mg/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006). 4.5.5 Sargassum polycystum species A research has been made that used sample of Sargassum polycystum species from Seribu Island in Jakarta showed the concentration of 0.002 mg/g of copper, 0.004 mg/g of zinc, 0.277 of iron and 0.010 of chromium were present (Joko, 2006). In other research that used sample from Kota Kinabalu, the present of iron, zinc and copper were also reported in small amounts with the concentration of 68.2 mg/100g, 2.15 mg/100 g, and 0.03 mg/100g respectively whereas other essential trace metals were not determined (Suhaila et al., 2009). 4.6 Methods used to analyze the essential trace metals in seaweed Atomic spectroscopy techniques viz., flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely used to analyze trace element. Nageswara (2013) used FAAS method to determine the trace element in seaweed, the instrument was calibrated with standard solutions and a hollow cathode lamp was used for detection of lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, zinc, platinum and palladium. In other research, Awang et al. (2008) used GFAAS method whereas Rodenas et al. (2009) used ICP-MS method and Suhaimi et al. (2014) and Suresh et al. (2014) used ICP-OES method. This research uses ICP-MS method. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer is suitable for the determination of trace metals with pretreatment and laser ablation device. This method has high sample throughput and the sensitivity is extremely high. It has lower detection limits and the ionization is efficient. In order to get the concentration of essential trace metals in seaweed, the elements are placed in solution by acid digestion. This solution is then nebulized into spray chamber and then carried by argon gas into a torch. ICP is argon plasma and can reach temperatures of 10,000 Kelvin. This allows the atomization of the trace metals in seaweed to complete and reduced the interferences of potential chemical (PerkinElmer, 23 October 2014). The positive ions in the plasma are focused down a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This quadrupole mass spectrometer rapidly detects the mass range. By getting the mass spectrum of the plasma, information about the trace metals can be obtained .

Camp Medicines

LIST OF MEDICINES AVAILABLE FOR CAMPAND INDOOR RSBY PATIENTS: (BODELI GENERAL HOSPITAL, BODELI) 02665-220712/222711/220712, www. bodeligeneralhospital. com ( Medicines can be prescribed for 3 days. ) SR NO. | GENERIC NAME| TRADE NAME| STRENGTH | NOS. | REMARKS ( CONTACT FOR QUERY/ DOUBTS| | ENT| | | | CONTACT DR J. SHROFF 09824299422| 1| TAB CEFADROXYL | DAX500| 500mg| 840| | 2| TAB CEFADROXYL | DAX250| 250mg| 400| | | TAB DICLOFENAC + PARACETAMOL| -| -| -| N/A(AVAILABLE SEPARATELY)| 4| TAB DIOMINIC DA/SIMILAR DECONGESTENT| -| -| -| AVAILABLE SEPARATELY| 5| CIPROFLOXACIN &DEXAMETHASONE EAR DROPS| -| -| 60| | 6| GENTAMYCIN EAR DROPS| -| -| 60| | 7| OTRIVIN NASAL DROPS/OTHER NASAL DROPS| -| -| -| N/A| | | | | | | | GENERAL SURGERY , GEN MEDICINE , OBST. &GYNAEC. ,ORTHOPAEDICS (MEDICINES OTHER THAN ALREADY LISTED ABOVE)| | | | CONTACT DR J . BHOWMICK 02665-220712/222711| | | | | | | 1| TAB LASIX (FRUSEMIDE)| TAB FRUSMIDE| 40| 250| | | TAB IRON| -| | 1000| | 3| TAB B COMPLEX/MULTIVITAMIN | TAB INTABION| | 1200| | 4| TAB DERIPHYLLINE| TAB DERICIP| | 460| | 5| TAB FAMOTIDINE| TAB FAMONEXT| 20| 3100| | 6| TAB ANTACID| -| -| N/A| | 7| TAB PARACETAMOL| TAB PARAGEST| 500| 5000| | 8| TAB DICLOFENAC| TAB REACTIN| 50| 3400| | 9| TAB AMLODIPINE| TAB AGINAL 5| 5| 350| | 10| TAB ATENOLOL| TAB ATENOLOL| 50| 560| | 11| ANTI DIABETICS (ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMICS)| GLIBENCLAMID+METFORMIN| | 500| | 12| TAB COTRIMOXAZOLE(BACTRIM/SEPTRAN)| TAB TRIMETHOPRIM+SULPHA| | 1000| | 13| TAB CETRIZINE| TAB CETRIZINE 10| 10mg| 750| | 4| TAB METRONIDAZOLE| TAB TYGYL| 200| 750| | 15| TAB OFLOXACIN | TAB OLX| 200mg| 760| | 16| TAB CALCIUM| TAB INTACAL D| -| 1850| | 17| TAB CHLOROQUINE| TAB CHQ| 250MG| 2000| | 18| TAB CEFIXIME| TAB KYXIME| 200mg| 600| | 19| SYP COUGH(TERBUTALLINE, GUAPHESASIN,AMBROXYL)| SYP COFF| | 260| | 20| SYP ANTACID| SYP ANTACID| | 120| | 21| TAB PREDNISOLONE| TAB PREDNISOLONE| 5mg| 750| | 22| SYP B COMPLEX| SYP MULTIBION| | 110| | 23| SYP URINARY ALKALISER| SYPALTRACIOL| | 9| SAMPLES PROVIDED| 24| TAB FOLIC ACID| -| -| | PROVIDED ALONG WITH IRON TABS| 25| TAB ECOSPRIN/ASPIRIN| -| 75mg| -| N/A| 6| TAB NIMESULIDE +PARACETAMOL| TAB NIMESULIDE+PARACETAMOL| | 1250| | 27| ANTISEPTIC CREAM (ZINC OXIDE,PLUS)| CREAM BURNHEAL| | 10| | 28| TAB CIPROFLOXACIN 250| TAB LUCIPRO 250| 250| 810| | 29| TAB CIPROFLOXACIN 500| TAB ANGECIP500| 500| 1000| | 30| DICLOFENAC GEL| DICLOFENAC GEL| | 96| | 31| TAB DICYCLOMINE+DICLOFENAC| TAB DICLO+DYCLOMINE| | 1000| | 32| TAB PARACETAMOL+TRAMADOL| -| -| -| N/A| 33| TAB METHYL ERGOMETRINE 0. 125MG| TAB MEMCAD| 0. 25| 230| | 34| TAB DOXYLAMINE+PYRIDOXE+FOLICACID (OBST. )| TAB PREGVOM PLUS| | 200| | 35| TAB ONDANSETRON DT| TAB ONCORT DT| | 230| | 36| TAB AMOXYCILLIN| TAB AMOXYCILLIN 200| 200| 58| | 37| TAB AMOXYCILLIN DICLOXACILLIN| TAB AMOXY-DICLOXA| | 1000| | 38| TAB CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE| TAB CPM| -| 2900| | 39| TAB DOMPERIDONE| TAB LUPIDOM| 10| 1000| | 40| TAB LEVOFLOXACIN| TAB LEVOFLOXACIN| | 250| | | SKIN ( DERMATOLOGY) (MEDICINES OT HER THAN ALREADY LISTED ABOVE)| | | | CONTACT DR S. PATIDAR: 09428975702| 1| TAB DIOMINIC/SIMILAR COMBINATION (DEX CPM)| -| -| -| AVAILABLE SEPARATELY| 2| TAB L-DIO1/ SIMILAR (LEVOCETRIZINE)| -| -| -| CETRIZINE AVAILABLE| 3| TAB FOLE/FLUCOS ( FLUCONAZOLE)| TAB FLUCANOZOLE| 150MG| 150| | 4| CANDID CREAM (CLOTRIMAZOLE) CREAM| CREAM CLOCIP| | 18| | 5| CREAM COSVATEG/SIMILAR (CLOBESTATOL+GENTAMYCIN)| CREAM COBAT GM| | 120| | 6| TAB PRUGO ( HYDROXIZINE) | -| 10/25 mg| -| N/A| 7| TAB METHYL PREDNISOLONE| -| 4/8 mg| -| PLAIN PREDNISOLONE AVAILABLE| 8| FUTOP/SIMILAR (FUSIDIC ACID ) CREAM| -| -| -| N/A| 9| MELALITE PLUS CREAM| -| -| -| N/A| | | | | | | | | | | | | PAEDIATRICS (MEDICINES OTHER THAN ALREADY LISTED ABOVE)| | | | DR DIPESH GUPTA 02665-220712/222711| 1| DROPS PARACETAMOL| DROPS PCM| -| 70| | 2| SYP IBUPROFEN PARACETAMOL| SYP IBUSTAL| -| 110| | 3| SYP AMOXYCILLIN| SYP AMOXYCILLIN| 200MG| 58| | 4| SYP CEFIXIME| SYP SAXIM| 50MG| 120| | 5| SYP OFLOX+ ORNIDAZOLE| | | | | 6| SYP ONDANSETRON| | | | | 7| ORS POWDER PACKETS| -| | 120| | 8| DROPS- COLD| DROPS MEGACOLD BR| | 60| | 9| SYP MATFURA| SYP METRONIDAZOLE| | 100| | | | | | | |

What is a SWOT analysis?

SWOT Analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and threats. It is a strategic planning tool which is used by businesses and organization to set a comprehensible rationale of the project. [1]This analysis is not only aimed at analyzing the internal factors but it also scans the external environment. Strengths and weaknesses are usually taken as internal environmental factors while opportunities and threats are viewed as external environmental factors. It helps a company in formulating strategies and utilizes the firm’s resources in the accurate vicinity.Strengths would highlight the areas where investments should be made to further enhance the product or service and make it as a competitive advantage for the company, e.g. low cost. Weaknesses would tell a firm that improvement is required in a particular area, e.g. weak distribution network. Opportunities would define the areas which are not being targeted by the company and investing in that area would bring cha nces of growth and profit, e.g. an unmet customer need. There may be some changes in the external environment which can be a threat for a company, e.g. a new substitute product.[2] SWOT analysis should be performed for every area of the businesses and it should be repeatedly done for every market.What is its purpose in strategic planning?Strategic planning basically helps a business to set its overall objectives and then build a comprehensive plan to accomplish those objectives.[3] In doing so, SWOT analysis performs an important function by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses and spotlighting the opportunities and weaknesses. Through this in-depth market analysis, companies can set their goals in the right direction.Do you have to conduct a SWOTT Analysis to have an effective strategic plan? Why or why not.Yes, it is necessary to perform a SWOT analysis for building an effective strategic plan. The reason is that it tells a company what has been done well, so as to focus in t hat area to earn higher profits. Then it highlights the internal harmful factors that can be improved by a company. Not only this, it gives insights for better opportunities in the market. [4] SWOT Analysis also informs about potential threats for a business. It is an immense planning tool that will help in building a winning strategic plan for a company.Week 2 DQ 2What are the key planning factors for competitive success?Key planning factors for an organization will differ from company to company. However, we can perform a general industry analysis, along with competitor analysis and macro environment analysis. These factors drive the strategy of a company, so it is important to understand then properly. For achieving competitive success, type of business must be taken into account. Some suggested key planning factors for competitive success are: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focus on strategic planning ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Right implementation of the strategyà ‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time management of the entire project ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using project management techniques for effective planning ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research and development ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acquiring land and maintaining liquidity ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well-constructed product ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Establishing efficient channels of distribution ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Providing after-sales support ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicating every decision to everyone in the organization ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Involvement of every employee in decision marking[5] ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teamwork and Collaboration between all departments ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following principles of EthicsProvide an example of an organization that has achieved competitive success through planning.An example of an organization that has achieved competitive success through planning is â€Å"Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬ . It is a leading nutrition and health company. They have diversified into new areas by creating value for their products.   They were able to achieve that through long term planning by creating value for their shareholders, employees, consumers, and business partners. They strategically planned for the development of their research centers across the globe which is now one of their competitive advantages. Their entry into different countries and creating products with respect to the tastes and culture of that country was also a part of their strategic planning process. This planning is helping them to achieve their long term vision, i.e. creating shared value for society and shareholders.[6]Provide an example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning.An example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning is Hershey’s. It is a leading manufacturer of chocolates, confectionaries and beverages in United States of America. Hershey’s was in process of implanting an ERP Solution and they decided to choose SAP ERP. But this implementation failed and caused heavy loss to the company in terms of profits and sales. The reason was not any technical mistake by the vendor but poor planning by Hersey’s. They choose wrong time for implementation when business was at its peak. They made a blunder of restructuring the business process and changing it in a wrong way without doing strategic planning.They spend most of the time on ERP implementation which interrupted the day to day operations of the business, creating confusions for the employees. They might have avoided this issue if they remained focused and planned out all activities properly before implementation. They should have set their priorities in a strategic manner by looking at the business prospects from all angles.[7]B ibliography:What is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htmStrategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/Strategic Planning(2010), Retrieved from http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246&type=RESOURCESRoger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http://strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planningKey Success Factors in Strategic Planning By Bill Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htmRetrieved from http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htmAnalyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http://www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm[1] What is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htm [2]Strategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ [3] Strategic Planning(2010), Retriev ed from http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246&type=RESOURCES [4] Roger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http://strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planning [5] Key Success Factors in Strategic Planning By Bill Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htm [6] Retrieved from http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htm [7] Analyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http://www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm

Lemur Catta †the ring-tailed lemur

Lemur Catta – the ring-tailed lemur Free Online Research Papers Did you know that lemur catta is the scientific name for the â€Å"ring-tailed† lemur? Did you know that the word lemur means â€Å"ghost† in the native Madagascan tongue? The lemur catta (or you can call it the ring- tailed ghost if you want) is one of about sixty species of lemurs, and all species live only on the island of Madagascar. Lemur catta are very social animals, and they are very easy to identify. With long arms and legs, flexible fingers and toes, extremely long, and easily identifiable black and white tails, large, black outlined eyes, there is nothing in the world that closely resembles a ring-tailed lemur. These lemurs have very limited eye movement, and have to completely move their head if they want to look to the side. Ring-tailed lemurs grow to about 17 inches and to about a maximum of 9 pounds. (Fleagle, 1988) The ring-tailed lemur is a terrestrial quadruped, which means all four feet are specialized for walking, and the animal spends most of it’s time on the ground. Lemurs live in groups of about ten to twenty animals, and these groups are mixed male and female. (Sauther, Sussman, Gould, 1999) The ring-tailed lemur is part of the sub-order prosimii (prosimians), along with the lorises and tarsiers. Prosimians are much smaller than their relatives, anthropoids, with the ring-tailed lemur not usually growing over 10 pounds or 20 inches. (Fleagle, 1988) The lemurs are a part of the infraorder lemuriformes, because they are only found in one place in the entire world, a small island off the coast of Southeastern Africa, Madagascar. (Pastorini, Thalmann, Martin, 2003) There are about 60 different types of lemurs, with some being extremely alike, and some being drastically different. The ring-tailed lemur is part of the genus lemur, and there are no other types of this genus found in Madagascar. The ring-tailed lemurs are the only species in this genus, because of odd scent glands found on the wrist and close to the arm pits. Because the ring-tailed lemur is so unique, there are no other sub-species of it. The ring-tailed lemur, as mentioned earlier is a very unique lemur, because of the similarities the lemur’s hands have with human hands. Lemurs don’t have claws, they have nails, and their grasping ability is just like that of a human, with opposable thumbs. Ring-tailed lemurs, as it has been stated over and over, are native and confined to Madagascar, and they are found nowhere else in the world. However, lemur catta are mainly found in dry woody areas in the south to the southwest, and there are even some found in the southeast near the Andringitra. (Yoder, Irwin, Goodman, 2000) These areas are extremely dry, and because of that the trees are very bare. Lemur catta is a highly terrestrial quadruped, and mainly feeds on the ground. In fact, it is observed on the ground over 65% of the time. (Sauther, Sussman, Gould, 1999) Ring-tailed lemurs are herbivores, eating plants, flowers, and fruits; however, these lemurs sometimes try and expand the horizons, with the occasional insect or small mammal. Obviously they are not only specialized to being ONLY a herbivore, but ring-tailed lemurs only eat insects and mammals when it is needed. (Simmen, 2003) Lemurs do not have many specializations to help them hunt during the day; in fact, some of their characteristics will hurt them in hunting. Lemur catta lack trichromatic color vision, which most other primates have. This will largely affect them in hunting small prey, and is likely the main reason why they rarely do. Mating for ring-tailed lemurs is seasonal, and it starts in mid-April. In the fall, females produce only one offspring, and the gestation period for that female is almost 5 months. However, twins and triplet occur when there is an abundance of food; however, this is an very rare sight. Directly after birth, the young lemur catta cling to the mother’s bellies, only to switch and cling to the back after about two weeks. They can climb after about 3 weeks, and become totally independent from their mothers after about 6 months. The ring-tailed lemurs become sexually mature at about 18 months, but don’t start mating until they are about 2-3 years old. When thinking about all of the mentioned aspects, the ring-tailed lemur is an extremely rare species, and it is only found on one small part of one small island in the entire world. It is very easily identifiable, however, and there is almost nothing else in the world that could pass for one of these, not even another lemur. They have very unique characteristics, and they are even very much different than the other 60 species of lemurs, in their diet, gestation periods and maternity habits, just to name a few. But the thing that sets them apart from all the other lemurs, and the reason they are in their own genus, is because they have unique sensory glands on their wrists and in the armpits, which helps them mark their surroundings. So, when talking about lemurs, there is nothing that is at all like the ring-tailed ghost. Bibliography 1. Fleagle, J. G. 1988. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press 2. Sauther, M.L., Sussman, R.W., Gould, L. 1999. Wiley-Liss, Inc: 120-132 3. Pastorini, J, Thalmann, U, Martin, R.D. PNAS, May 2003; 100: 5879 5884 4. Ward, S.C., Sussman, R.W. 2005. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 575- 90 5. Yoder, A.D., Irwin, J.A., Goodman, S.M. 2000. Journal of Zoology 252: (1), 1–9. 6. Simmen, B. 2003. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949-968 Research Papers on Lemur Catta - the ring-tailed lemurThe Hockey GameGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Spring and AutumnThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionResearch Process Part One

Free Essays on Charles Dickens Hard Times

Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and... Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and...

Public Relations Crisis Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Relations Crisis Management Plan - Essay Example These calls for the need to ensure better inter organizational communication. Advancements in technology and the role of media have also assumed to be of significant importance to business organizations. The immense reach, popularity and the influence of media in shaping public opinion has augured the need for having a dedicated public relations department that seeks to leverage the media to shape a positive opinion and image of the firm in the minds of the customers. The role of the public relations department also assumes significance in areas of crisis management in organizations as they largely tend to act as medium of communication between the organization and the external world. SWOT Strengths The main strengths of the company include a strong brand image of the organization and a product portfolio that has an evergreen demand in the market. The company’s presence in a market like Australia also adds to its bouquet of strengths. Certain other strengths include a talented and motivated employee base along with sound financial strength of the organization. Weakness The major weakness arises in the aspect of the rising cost of fuel and raw materials and it’s over dependence on external suppliers for raw materials. Opportunities The rising disposable income and demand for products such as cars largely influence growth of prospects for Hypothetica oils. The surge in demand witnessed over the last few years with an optimistic future largely emerges as an area of opportunity. Opportunities also exist in the form of new markets like China that have high potential. Threats The threats to the company arise mainly from the high extent of competition in the Australian market. Presence of large number of competitors in the market leads to a situation where market share and profit margins have reduced significantly thus generating considerable threats for the organization’s profitability and sustainability. Target Publics Primary Publics The first step towards shaping a public relations strategy involves selecting the public’s to be targeted. Publics constitute a collection of a number of individuals that have a set of similar interests and value proposition with regards to a particular scenario (Millar & Heath, 2004, p.42). Primary publics constitute the individuals that a firm tries to generate influence. This largely consists of individuals whose thoughts largely help in ensuring profitability and sustainability for the business. In the case of Hypothetica oil the primary publics would consist of the customers of the organization and the common people at large who form a part of the social network of the company. This would also include the employees of the organization as it is largely important to have a positive image of the organization in the minds of the employees as it largely helps in inducing motivation which is very critical to the success and sustainability of an organization. Secondary Publics Secondary publics include members of target audience that have the

Corporate Responsibility & Governance Assignment - 1

Corporate Responsibility & Governance - Assignment Example Wealth creation is not the sole objective that firms should pursue rather they are obliged to other goals that are aimed at ensuring the enterprise gives back to the society that has been supporting it through its journey to success (Aras, & Crowther, 2012). Corporate governance, on the other hand, is the mechanisms that stakeholders of a business utilise to conduct internal control of the affairs of the organisation so as to ensure their interests are well safeguarded. Corporate governance is frequently premised by two circumstances the first one if through the agency problem or rather a conflict of interests between various parties that necessitated for an oversight role to be implemented by the stakeholders. Additionally, if the transaction costs are too high or rather are in such a manner that the agency problem cannot be adequately solved then corporate governance will be necessary to safeguard the interests of the company’s stakeholders (Simpson and Taylor, 2013). Coca Cola is a global organisation that conducts its operations in numerous countries across the world. For the purpose of this report, we are going to focus on the Coca Cola International in India on how it conducts its corporate governance. Since it is an international organisation Coca-Cola implements a rather similar corporate governance mechanism for all its affiliate companies in all countries with slight modifications to fit the regulatory requirements for the individual nations where the company is conducting its operations. The company has governance codes that guide them in the presentation of their corporate report. The code addresses a number of issues that are going to be elaborated as follows. To begin with corporate governance is all about internal control; that duty is bestowed on the directors of the company. The corporate governance code of Coca-Cola addresses the roles and duties of

Everyone can agree that a stable family background is most likely to Essay

Everyone can agree that a stable family background is most likely to deliver the enviroment that children need - Essay Example A stable family background, founded on marriage, and constituted of a mother and a father, provides the optimal environment for the child. It is the institution of marriage which provides the foundation for a stable family. Research has led to the consensus that â€Å"Families based on marriage are, on an average, healthier, wealthier, and more stable than any other family forms† (Civitas web site). Marriage contributes to the stability of the family and to the well-being of both adults and children in a plethora of ways. It ensures a mutual sense of responsibility towards the children and the sharing of resources. Children have a good relationship with their married parents, mainly due to the time spent together. Marriage increases the probability of the children themselves entering into stable marriages. Economically, marriage is linked to higher income and thus, a higher standard of living for the child. Children of married parents achieve greater academic success, earn university degrees and have high-status employment. These children also enjoy better physical health, have lower rates of alcohol and drug ab use, have fewer mental health problems, are less likely to indulge in delinquent behavior and are at less risk of experiencing child abuse (Civitas web site. Factsheets on the Family). The traditional family structure, composed of the two birth parents, contributes best to family stability and child well-being. Single parent families, which may be the result of bereavement, separation, divorce or bearing children outside wedlock, fail to meet the material and psychological needs of the child. Children of lone mothers have higher chances of living in poverty and deprivation, of getting into trouble at school, playing truant, being excluded and dropping out, having adjustment and socialization problems, being subject to physical, emotional or sexual abuse, indulging in smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, of running away from home and of becoming

Reading Fluency Essay Example for Free

Reading Fluency Essay Reading fluency is defined as the ability to read smoothly and accurately, while using proper phrasing and expression (Bengeny,etal. ,(2010). It is important that students add emphasis and make inferences while reading to process the meaning to the information being read. When practicing reading fluency it is important that students develop automacity. A professional ballet dancer no longer consciously has to think about her form or steps to a routine, a fluent reader should no longer remember to be aware of phonics or spelling rules while reading fluency. These skills will be embedded in the process of reading that it will just come natural to the student. In order for a student to read fluency without consciously thinking of the skill they must be taught systematically and explicitly, at the proper time and sequence. Word recognition, phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition are areas struggled readers need most help in (Bengeny,etal. ,(2010). Without this knowledge the reader’s fluency slows down and it will affects their comprehension to the information being read. These are skills that need to be taught to become automatic. Researchers indicate that phonemic awareness and letter knowledge are very important in learning to decode (Bengeny,etal. ,(2010). A student’s inability to identify the sounds in a word as well as blend them to form the words pronunciation may lead to multiple attempts to pronounce unknown words, decreasing the students speed and comprehension. Many students, from elementary school to high school struggle with reading fluency and comprehension. For years researches have studied and investigated elements of effective reading and why there are such a high number of struggled readers. Statistics have shown that 65 percent of eight graders in secondary school students with learning disabilities read below the 20th percentile and the numbers are even greater in urban school districts (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2007). Theorists argue that characteristics of proficient readers are to read reasonable and at an efficient rate (Spencer, S. A. , Manis, F. R. (2010). It is common for students who are struggled readers to have trouble achieving fluency in word and passage reading. Fluency is identified as a critical component to successful reading. Two reading theorist Laberge and Samuels made a direct link between reading fluency and comprehension as cited by (Spencer, Manis. 2010). Student must develop automatist in order to properly comprehend the text they are reading. If the student has not mastered fluency in reading, they will have difficulties learning new reading skills. LaBerge and Samuels (2010) state that as a reader’s fluency increases the cognitive resources are opened and the reader’s comprehension will increase. Many researchers suggest that early readers should develop fluency at an age appropriate level. Students between first and third grade should read connected text identified as the approximate time when most readers should develop this skill. In 2002 National Assessment of Educational Progress founded a strong correlation between fluency and comprehension, and oral reading fluency and students overall reading abilities. There are effective ways that help improve a student’s reading fluency when implementing specific methods of instruction (OShea, L.J. ,Sindelar,P. T. OShea,D. J (1985). There are several fluency- based strategies that a reported to improve the range of students reading abilities, when specific instructional component are combined. Therrien believed that the Repeated Reading strategy (RR) was the most effective strategy to help students who struggled in fluency and reading compression (as cited by Bengeny,etal. , 2010). The RR strategy required the student to reread a short passage for a set number of times or until a certain criterion was met. This strategy was effective with both students who were struggle readers and students without learning disabilities. Therrien believed that a certain protocols must be followed in order for this strategy to be affective (Bengeny,etal. , 2010).. RR is most affective when a first reads a passage aloud to an adult, is provided with a cue during instruction (for example to read with comprehension, fluency, or speed), repeat reading passage at least three or four times, receive corrective feedback as part of instruction, and read until a performance criterion is met (Spencer,S. A. , Manis,F. R. 2010). Morgan and Sideridis (2006) conducted a meta-analysis with students who were identified as at-risk students with learning disabilities. They found that affective fluency strategies integrate goal setting, feedback, reinforcement and instructional components, like RR and listening to more skilled readers read (as cited by Bengeny,etal. , 2010). When using strategies in reading fluency its important follow right components that are associated with benifical outcomes for students. The first component being model reading, allowing students listen to a more skilled reader, either a classmate or an adult. Having a systematic error- correction procedure is important because the student is aware of the errors being made and will learn the proper way to correct it and will be prepared to self-correct errors before made again. Goal setting gives the students a criterion and applies a practicing text until the predetermined performance is met. Performance feedback combined with graphical display of student’s progress; keep the student informed with their performance. Graphs can be shown as visual improvements or regression. Use of a systematic praise and structured reward system are used for students reading behaviors and accomplishments (Spencer, S. A. , Manis, and F. R. 2010). Use verbal cues for students to read with fluency, by promoting greater speed and accuracy. Verbal cues for students to read for comprehension are repeated reading of ability appropriate text out loud to an adult at least three times (OShea, L. J. , Sindelar,P. T. OShea,D. J. 1985). By combining fluency based instructional components; a fluency based instructional package has been created with ready to use materials for teachers to use ad a form of intervention. The foundation of these programs were developed to serve as a addition to a students core reading program; providing systematic guidelines for easy implementation; and allow for greater publication across schools, districts, and states (Spencer,S. A. , Manis,F. R. 2010). Great Leaps is a reading program that is used to help struggled readers. Great Leaps includes two primary sets of materials. Its has a K-2 program used as and addition to a students core reading program and a third through fifth grade program that is used to remediate low-performing students’ reading skills. Great Leaps Reading program is used throughout the United States, Canada and over 40 countries. Over 1,400 schools in New York City Department of Education have adopted Great Leaps reading program in elementary schools (Bengeny,etal. ,2010). Great Leaps is currently one of the most popular and most used reading programs that educator’s uses in addition to students core reading curriculum in pursuit to improve a students reading fluency and comprehension. Great Leaps primary emphasis is on fluency, with the assumption that comprehension will improve if the student becomes a more fluent reader. This program is easy to implement, teachers will administer the lesson in a one-to-one setting for approximately 10 minutes per session daily. The procedure includes three of the evidence- based components such as; modeled reading, goal setting, and performance feedback with graphical displays of student’s progress (Bengeny,etal. ,(2010). During the session student will be reading three timed readings. Each reading will be under the following three headings; phonics, sight phrases, and stories. Each reading is timed for about one minute. The goal for the student is to read each page with no more than two errors a page. Instructors are encouraged to use some form of error correction and to reward students for accomplishments, with praise and small tangible rewards. Error correction must be immediate and followed by modeling of the correct response. When the student successful masters the page, he/she will then progress â€Å"leap† on to the next page, which contains slightly more difficult material (Mercer Campbell. , 1998,p137). Great Leaps reading intervention allows students to frequently practice reading material that are to par with their reading capabilities; practice does not occur during the same session. Furthermore, fluency and comprehension are learning disabilities that are increasing overtime. There are numerous intervention programs available to assist students with their disability. Every district and school has their own techniques and programs they use to help struggle readers with fluency. When choosing the right intervention program for students, research must be done on the program being used. Educators need to be aware of the eight components that are associated with beneficial out comes in students who struggle in reading fluency. The program Great Leaps after being evaluated has been fundamental, due to the minimal research done on this intervention. One study stated that Great Leaps (K-2) program did not aim to evaluate the portion independent from another reading program that was being implemented concurrently (Trout, etal. , 2003). Through researcher Great Leaps is proven to be an effective strategy to improve reading fluency. Researchers have found that this program can be improved by integrating more of the instructional components, such as repeated reading and systematic errors correction. If these improvements are made to the program, the effectiveness of Great Leaps will increase in students (Bengeny, etal. , 2010).